College students (those enrolled in two- and four-year postsecondary institutions) with caregiving responsibilities for children or other dependents face unique challenges balancing academic and caregiving duties. This scoping review aimed to describe the prevalence of food insecurity among United States college student caregivers and their experiences with food insecurity, dietary quality/intake, academic outcomes, and food security programming. A search of peer-reviewed and grey literature was conducted in four databases: CINAHL, Google Scholar, Embase, and Medline. Identified articles were evaluated against inclusion criteria. Of 162 articles identified, 61 articles met eligibility criteria and underwent data extraction and descriptive analysis. Forty-two articles (69%) reported the prevalence of food insecurity among college student caregivers, with prevalence ranging from 9% to 79%. Single parents, students of colour, LGBTQ+ individuals, and those with multiple dependents had increased food insecurity risk. Thirteen studies examined dietary patterns, finding caregiving students prioritised feeding their children, reduced their own meal sizes, and chose low-cost, low-nutrient foods due to budget constraints. Academic challenges included difficulties in time management and scheduling stress. No studies examined Grade Point Average (GPA) or academic performance. Thirteen studies identified the use of food assistance programmes. Food assistance programmes were underutilised due to limitations such as restricted pantry hours and availability. Housing insecurity frequently co-occurred with food insecurity. Food insecurity disproportionately affects college student caregivers compared to non-caregiving students. Comprehensive programming is needed to support food and nutrition security, including connections to government and university food assistance programmes, childcare services, and programme modifications to reduce barriers to academic success for caregiving students.