This chapter identifies and analyses the duty bearers responsible for realising the right to science, challenging claims that the inherently ‘unbounded’ nature of science is incompatible with the traditionally ‘bounded’ structure of human rights obligations. Instead, it argues that difficulties in assigning responsibilities arise from the complexity and diversity of the modern scientific ecosystem. The analysis categorises duty bearers into three main groups: states (and their agents, including universities and funding agencies), international organisations (particularly those influencing intellectual property and trade, such as WIPO and WTO) and non-state actors (comprising private corporations, individual researchers, publishers and private funding institutions). Employing a doctrinal approach rooted in international human rights law, the chapter clarifies the varying degrees of legal and moral obligations incumbent upon these actors.

The miscellany was a crucially important mode of literature in this period, and particular reasons for this are set out in an early segment of the chapter. This was also the case for Swift and for Curll, although it served very different purposes over the duration of their lives. In fact, Swift founded his career (especially as a poet) largely on his presence in miscellanies, a form in which much of Curll’s output lay. His Miscellanies (1711) made up the earliest collection of his writings, but it had to displace a smaller grouping that Curll had assembled in the previous year. Soon afterwards the bookseller embarked on a long series of similar items, including fresh raids on Swift’s oeuvre. The form proved well suited to Curll’s needs, most of all in his efforts to cover up the sources of his material. The various interactions of the two men in this mode are analysed, and a section devoted to the question raised by Stephen Karian as to whether Curll’s activity can reasonably be considered as literary piracy.

Chapter 6. Curll was responsible for up to forty self-standing biographies. His productions are compared with those of the major varieties of biography, ancient and modern. Typical subjects such as authors, physicians and politicians are identified, to illustrate the spread of his interests in the form. He produced works of collective biography, in the wake of writers such as the antiquarian John Le Neve (1679–1741). Eight frequent components are described, including official documents and wills. The second half of the chapter is devoted to a range of paratextual devices, as most notably described by Gérard Genette. Then come discussion of their aims, such as to convey an impression that this book is authoritative, up to date, objective, and full of novel content (it is rare for the books to achieve these goals to any great extent). Representative volumes are considered to demonstrate the limitations of Curll’s practice, in particular the more broken-backed items such as the life of the actor Robert Wilks (1732), memorably stripped apart in the Grub-street Journal.

To date scholars have paid less heed to the identification of publishers than to the attribution of authorship. This section attempts to provide a rationale for the former undertaking. The discussion picks out features which distinguish it from the one relating to authors, and describes the difficulties which these present in the case of Curll. This is followed by an inventory of characteristics of his books, covering anomalies both internal and external, with examples of each. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to a single instance, the Memoirs of John Macky (1720). This work supplies a test case for the methods of investigation suggested by the earlier analysis. Telltale indictors all pointing to Curll are located, and then decisive new external evidence is brought forward to confirm the accuracy of this identification, as it was suggested by the foregoing exploration.

This chapter seeks to triangulate three key figures in the world of books: Pope, the elite author; John Dennis, a writer in the middle ranks (though he aspired to a higher station, something that he has partially achieved in modern times as a critic); and Curll, the populist bookseller who did not know his place. The discussion follows the interweaving careers of this trio, as the story of their dealings confirms how central their role was in the battle of the books taking place before and after The Dunciad – a site where Dennis as author and Curll as publisher are made to stand for their respective professions. Each man was useful to the others in one way or another. His adversaries would take advantage of the resources of print culture to engage Pope where the literary, the religious, and the political routinely met. In this way, the critic and the publisher came to operate in a perverse synergy with the poet.

Part III concerns the quarrel between Curll and Pope, which went on for almost thirty years, and raises significant issues, not just as it affected their careers, but also as it inflects the history of the book. These matters include the situation of both authors and publishers after the Copyright Act; the nature of piracy; the habit of (in effect) self-publishing that Pope acquired; the implications of anonymity, on both sides of the fence; the relations between elite and popular culture; and the literary portrayal of booksellers. Chapter 8 focusses on anonymity in the presentation of Pope’s poems and Curll’s publications. A brief introductory segment describes the historical valency of anonymous writing. The subsequent discussion traces a development that James McLaverty has characterised as ‘the blurring of authorship’, and shows how this is played out in The Dunciad and Curll’s responses to the work. Attention is given to other items by Pope that appeared anonymously or pseudonymously, together with attacks by Curll that constitute a reply in kind.

This chapter discusses corpus applications to language teaching and learning, focusing specifically on the use of corpora and corpus linguistics research for informing coursebook and assessment development. A number of studies undertaken by the authors are discussed with a view to highlighting both the affordances of corpus linguistics for supporting such indirect applications to language education, as well as the barriers of using corpus linguistics research to inform stakeholder practices. Focusing on the use of corpora by materials writers, the use of learner corpus research and spoken corpus research for assessment refinement and design, and the use of corpus research for materials design, this chapter reflects on engagement with stakeholders in this domain over the last fifteen years. Drawing together the lessons learned from these studies, this chapter offers a critical reflection on the relative impact achieved in each study, while also proposing guidelines for those interested in working with stakeholders to co-design research and produce relevant and appliable research.

When and why did English grammars first start to be written, and by whom? Who else were involved in the grammar-writing process apart from the grammarians? And what was the grammarians’ expertise based on to begin with? This chapter will address these questions by discussing the rise of the English grammar-writing tradition during the late sixteenth century down to the end of the eighteenth century. Focusing on the linguistic climate of the period, it will show how grammars were written at a time when only Latin grammar was available as a descriptive model, and that grammarians gradually developed an eye for features specific to the English language. Contextualising research on the subject by discussing traditional and state-of-the-art research tools, it will show that writing grammars for English was increasingly professionalised, and that female grammarians played an important role in the process.

The chapter explores the economics of translating Virgil, examining the role of patrons, printers, publishing houses and presses. I first explore the relationships of translators with their patrons, publishers and printers, in France, Italy and Britain during the first two centuries of the print era. I reveal the tension between the desire to satisfy the elite’s need for exclusive badges of culture and the impulse to extend the vernacularization of Virgil by producing accessible translations for less educated readers. I investigate the power relations involved in initiating or commissioning translations, with examples from Cinquecento Italy, and the funding of expensive folio editions in France and England. In Victorian England, translations published in low-priced series of books, including Everyman’s Library, flourish alongside ambitious luxury productions. The chapter concludes with a study of Virgil’s works in the Penguin Classics series in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

Publishing mattered to Shelley. But he knew that he was not a successful author certainly by comparison with Byron with whom he was regularly in proximity, especially in Italy. As a schoolboy and university student, Shelley arranged for the printing, advertising, and distribution of his verse and prose with boldness and ambition, sometimes putting those who printed, published, and sold it at risk on legal grounds. A significant proportion of what he published or intended to publish as a mature writer was also withdrawn or suppressed or did not appear because it was not publishable at the time. The gradual emergence of a significant amount of his writing hitherto unpublished, or not published in full, in editions curated by his widow from 1824 until her death established his reputation. However, it has taken until the early twenty-first century for his manuscript and print oeuvre to come into fuller view.

Chapter 4 is a detailed description of Neurath’s adaptation to British life and professional re-establishment, mainly in the field of visual education. The Isotype Institute was established in Oxford, and this method was rapidly taken up by documentarist Paul Rotha for use in films for the Ministry of Information. The Neuraths also collaborated in producing books of ‘soft propaganda’ about Britain and its allies, and made a pioneering visualization of the Beveridge Plan of social insurance. Neurath attempted to reconstruct a scholarly environment for himself, and was keen to embrace the English language. He was much in demand as a lecturer and consultant, speaking ‘broken English fluently’. He was supportive of fellow émigrés but wary of Austrian exile politics. Inadvertently, he came into contact with some people later revealed to have been Soviet spies.

Chile’s regulation of fake news dates back nearly a century. The initial instance occurred in 1925 during a constitutional crisis that resulted in the drafting of a new constitution. At that time, a de facto government issued a decree making it illegal to publish and distribute fake news. The second regulatory milestone occurred during the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet with the inclusion of provisions related to defamation in the 1980 constitution. Defamation involved spreading false information through mass media to unjustly tarnish someone’s reputation. Upon the restoration of democracy in Chile in 1990, these stipulations were permanently abolished from the legal system. Since 2001, the judicial pursuit of disinformation in Chile has been limited to exceptional means such as the State Security Law or, indirectly, through the right to rectification.

When we think of US modernist presses, a series of images comes to mind: Horace Liveright, who issued T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land alongside bestselling novels and popular theater plays; Alfred Knopf and his wife Blanche, who promoted the new African American literature and original crime fiction by Dashiell Hammett; B. W. Huebsch, who published Sherwood Anderson, James Joyce, and D. H. Lawrence, but also radical political texts. This chapter focuses on the diversity of American modernist presses – from avant-garde imprints to long-established houses, from limited editions to inexpensive reprints. The period between the wars has been mythologized as a “golden age.” This chapter scraps the gold to reveal a more nuanced picture of the publishing landscape. As Bennett Cerf (the owner of the Modern Library) declared, flamboyant but dysfunctional houses had no chance of surviving: publishing was a business, and the fun and excitement of discovering new authors would always compete with the necessity of making a profit.

This chapter explains the value of incorporting materialist analysis into studies of intellectual history and the history of science by examining the curious case of a tiny anonymous herbal that was one of the most popular English books of the sixteenth century. It shows that these works of natural history have been receiving increased attention from scholars and that this scholarship is unfortunately limited by too much attention upon herbals’ authors to the detriment of those figures who commissioned, marketed, made, and sold botanical books to an eager early modern public.

In her 1949 article ‘We Want Books – But Do We Encourage Our Writers?’, Jamaican writer Una Marson alludes to the lack of exposure of Caribbean writers to potential readers and bemoans the lack of interest in reading. She also implies that Caribbean writers might be scarce or unproductive because they lack financial support. As the second decade of the twenty-first century closes, it is clear that the cultivation of a Caribbean reading audience as well as a market for Caribbean literature has gathered momentum since 1949. This essay considers the role of literary prizes and festivals in stimulating new writing, in growing a global audience for Caribbean literature and in supporting the careers of Caribbean writers in the region and in the Caribbean diaspora.

Already at a young age, Strauss made initial contacts with well-known publishing houses. Eugen Spitzweg of the Munich publishing house Jos. Aibl became a paternal friend for the aspiring composer. At the beginning, when Strauss was barely known to a wide audience, Spitzweg expressed his friendship by including Strauss’s compositions in his catalog. But soon Strauss’s reputation grew – and with it his self-confidence in negotiations with his business partners. Unlike some other important composers in music history, Strauss developed into a capable businessman and secured high fees for his music. This chapter highlights the publishing context of Strauss’s work. It characterizes his relationships with his long-time main publishers, names the publishers with whom Strauss collaborated only briefly, and presents an overview of the great variety of sheet music editions (from historical publications to modern critical editions) in which Strauss’s music is available.