Much has been written about the reasons for and impact of marketisation on charities, their clients, and wider civil society. A central component of the marketisation thesis is that charities are substituting grants and donations with commercial revenue. However, there is no consensus in the existing literature as to whether the two sources of revenue are substitutes or complementary. This paper shows that between 2003 and 2007 there was a significant increase in the proportion of overall revenue attracted from commercial sources by charities in England and Wales. Using our preferred generalised method of moments estimation model we show that the annual persistence of commercial revenue overtime was 44 %. In particular, a +10 % change in grants and donations was associated with a −3.1 % change in commercial revenue.

This paper investigates whether temporary agency employment complements or substitutes for regular employment. We use unique administrative data that provide information on the overall size of the German market for temporary agency workers for the period 1991–2010. To take into account the interaction between the two employment forms, we identify a SVAR model with correlated innovations by volatility regimes. We find that a positive shock to temporary agency employment increases overall employment, but also leads to substitution for regular jobs.

This paper reports a test of the endowment effect in an economic analysis of localized air pollution. Regression techniques are used to test the significance of perceived property rights on household WTP for improved air quality versus WTA compensation to forgo an improvement in air quality. Our experiment contributes to the research into the WTP/WTA divergence by providing a new basis for supporting the existence of an endowment effect. Our results are in contrast to recent work by Shogren et al. which supports the substitution proposition of Hanemann while rejecting the endowment effect.

Natural causes (such as droughts), non-natural causes (such as competinguses), and government policies limit the supply of water for agriculture ingeneral and irrigating crops in particular. Under such reduced water supplyscenarios, existing physical models reduce irrigation proportionally amongcrops in the farmer's portfolio, disregarding temporal changes in economicand/or institutional conditions. Hence, changes in crop mix resulting fromexpectations about risks and returns are ignored. A method is developed thatconsiders those changes and accounts for economic substitution and expansioneffects. Forecasting studies based on this method with surface water inGeorgia and Alabama demonstrate the relative strength of econometricmodeling vis-à-vis physical methods. Results from a study using this methodfor ground water in Mississippi verify the robustness of those findings.Results from policy-induced simulation scenarios indicate water savings of12% to 27% using the innovative method developed. Although better irrigationwater demand forecasting in crop production was the key objective of thispilot project, conservation of a valuable natural resource (water) hasturned out to be a key consequence.