Chapter 8 examines Sudan, which was engulfed in civil war at the time of writing. Sudan’s current and previous conflicts stem in part from British and Egyptian colonial policies that promoted competing Arab versus African identities within the country, and after independence the country fought two civil wars that stemmed from entrenched racial divisions. In 2014, Sudan became a key player in the EU’s externalization of migration control via the Khartoum Process, and then President Omar al-Bashir selected the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) as the central security force responsible for patrolling borders and building the enforcement capacity of the Sudanese state. Beginning in 2016, the EUTF allocated more than €200 million to Sudan, in addition to regional funding, to draft national legislation on migration management and human trafficking, to manage “return and reintegration” programs, and to further build the state’s capacity to address irregular migration. Sudan represents an extreme cautionary tale when it comes to migration management aid – EU funds increased the state’s capacity for repression (pathway I) – both toward migrants and its own citizens.