This chapter explores the deep connections between speculative fiction and the Anthropocene, arguing that their histories and futures are mutually constitutive. While the concept of the Anthropocene gained prominence in the early 2000s, speculative fiction has long engaged with planetary-scale ecological imaginaries, from proto-science fiction shaped by colonial expansion to twentieth-century narratives responding to nuclear threat and environmental crisis. The chapter traces how speculative genres – science fiction, fantasy, horror, and the gothic – have mediated Anthropocene consciousness through extrapolation, allegory, and affect, encompassing dystopian, apocalyptic, and utopian visions. It examines the emergence of climate fiction (“cli-fi”), tensions around genre boundaries and literary prestige, and the emergence of counterhegemonic narratives that foreground racial capitalism, colonial histories, and Indigenous futurisms. Recent trends such as hopepunk, solarpunk, and visionary fiction signal a shift from despair toward ecological and social resilience, reflecting broader discursive moves toward climate optimism. Ultimately, the chapter contends that speculative fiction is not merely a response to the Anthropocene but a constitutive force in shaping its cultural imagination, and that this reciprocal relationship will persist as both evolve.