Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 August 2026
This chapter shows how the merchant-king's worldview is universalised as that of the nation state through philanthropy that enabled the caste community to hold political power through majoritarian culture. With the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) coming to power, the cow has emerged from its twentieth-century hiatus to graze the political pastures of the country. The cow as a divine mother is a cultural totem for the Hindu Right. Agarwal businessmen saw the renewed interest in the cow as an opportune time to display their devotion to the animal. Keshav Agarwal, the head of the Kamdhenu Mangal Parivar, a trust that runs a cow hospital on the outskirts of Delhi, said in an interview:
My daughter-in-law had a girl child and then for six years she did not conceive. We wanted to have a grandson. This was the time when someone told me to become a gaubhakt [cow worshipper]. They said it would solve our problem. I started looking to serve in whichever way I could. I volunteered my time, made generous donations, and in the next two years we had a grandson.
I had seen advertisements for the Trust's Foundation Stone Day in Agarwal newspapers in 2015 and subsequently met Keshav Agarwal in his office in Punjabi Bagh, northwest Delhi. Keshav liked the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the Hindu nationalist organisation that is the ideological kingpin of the BJP, although he did not see himself as a political man. He saw himself as an ‘ordinary, more-than-ordinary man’ who only wanted to be identified as a cow worshipper. Keshav started small but was far from an ‘ordinary man’. He moved to Delhi in 1991 with his young family.
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