Provinces and frontiers

doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521301992.013

8 - Provinces and frontiers

from PART III - THE PROVINCES

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008

Edited by

Averil Cameron and

John Wilkes: Affiliation:
University College London
Alan Bowman: Affiliation:
Brasenose College, Oxford
Averil Cameron: Affiliation:
Keble College, Oxford
Peter Garnsey: Affiliation:
University of Cambridge

Book contents

Get access

Summary

FRONTIER HISTORY

Under the Severan emperors there was a significant advance of the limits of territory under direct Roman occupation, in Mesopotamia to the river Tigris and in Africa to the northern fringes of the Sahara desert. There were also major campaigns in northern Britain but any intended increase in the extent of northern Britain under direct Roman control was cancelled by the death of Septimius Severus. Only in the later years of Severus Alexander, last of the Severan dynasty, were there indications of new threats to stability along the northern and eastern frontiers.

The exceptional concentration of Roman military manpower in northern Britain remained, on paper at least, unaltered throughout the period. Hadrian's demarcation of Roman territory by the patrolled barrier between Tyne and Solway was in the end preferred to the shorter Forth–Clyde line established by his successor. Treaty arrangements with peoples beyond the frontier broke down during the reign of Commodus but it remains far from clear why Severus should have judged that disturbances on the fringes of one of Rome's remotest provinces demanded the continuing presence of the emperor and his court from 208 until his death early in 211. Apparently successful sea-borne operations against the Maeatae and Caledonii from bases such as Cramond on the Forth and Carpow on the Tay were not intended to re-establish a Roman occupation of the Forth–Clyde line. Caracalla's settlement was to bring a long period of stability to the province and was accompanied by a continuation of the comprehensive reconstruction of existing Roman bases and roads begun by Severus after his victory over Clodius Albinus in 197.

Keywords

Severus Alexander Severan emperors Roman frontier Diocletian European provinces

Information

Type: Chapter
Information: The Cambridge Ancient History
, pp. 212 - 268
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521301992.013 [Opens in a new window]
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abbott, F. F. and Johnson, A. C. (1926). Municipal Administration in the Roman Empire. PrincetonGoogle Scholar

J29 Emerita-Scallabis-Pax Iulia-Gades. Alarcao, J. et al. (eds.). Madrid, 1995Google Scholar

Alföldi, A. (1939a) ‘The invasions of peoples from the Rhine to the Black Sea’, Cambridge Ancient History XII 1 (repr. in Alföldi, (1967))Google Scholar

Alföldi, A. (1939a) ‘The invasions of peoples from the Rhine to the Black Sea’, Cambridge Ancient History XII 1: (repr. in Alföldi, (1967))Google Scholar

Alföldi, A. (1939b) ‘The crisis of the empire (A.D. 249–270)’, Cambridge Ancient History XII 1 (repr. in Alföldi, (1967))Google Scholar

Alföldi, A. (1939c) ‘The sources for the Gothic invasions of the years 260–270’, Cambridge Ancient History XII 1Google Scholar

Alföldi, A. (1967) Studien zur Geschichte der Weltkrise des 3.Jahrhunderts nach Christus. DarmstadtGoogle Scholar

Alföldy, G. (1969). Fasti Hispanienses: senatorische Reichsbeamte und Offiziere in der spanischen Provinzen des römischen Reiches von Augustus bis Diokletian. WiesbadenGoogle Scholar

Alföldy, G. (1974) ‘The crisis of the third century as seen by contemporaries’, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 15Google Scholar

Alföldy, G. (1974). Noricum. LondonGoogle Scholar

Amelotti, M. and Costamagna, G. (1975). Alle origini del notariato romano (Studi storici sul notariato italiano 2). Rome (repr. Milan, 1995)Google Scholar

Archi, G. G. (1938). Studi sulla stipulatio, I: La querella non numeratae pecuniae. Milan (repr. in Archi, (1981). 1)Google Scholar

Archi, G. G. (1981). Scritti di diritto romano (Pubblicazioni della Facoltà di Giurisprudenza, Università di Firenze 42). MilanGoogle Scholar

Aricescu, A. (1980). The Army in Roman Dobrudja (BAR Int. Ser. 86). OxfordCrossRef Google Scholar

Avi-Yonah, M. (1976). Gazetteer of Roman Palestine (Qedem 5). JerusalemGoogle Scholar

K35.1 Philippi. Avramea, A. (ed.). Athens, 1993Google Scholar

Bagnall, R. S. and Thomas, J. D. (1978). ‘Dekaprotoi and epigraphai’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 15Google Scholar

Bagnall, R. S. and Worp, K. A. (1978). Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt (StAmst 8). AmsterdamGoogle Scholar

Bagnall, R. S. (1977). ‘Bullion purchases and landholding in the fourth century’, Chronique d' Égypte 52Google Scholar

Bagnall, R. S. (1978). ‘Property holdings of liturgists in fourth-century Karanis’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 15Google Scholar

Bagnall, R. S. (1982). ‘The population of Theadelphia in fourth-century Egypt’, Bulletin de la Société d'Archéologie Copte 24Google Scholar

Bagnall, R. S. (1983). ‘Five papyri on fourth-century money and prices’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 20Google Scholar

Bagnall, R. S. (1992). ‘Landholding in late Roman Egypt: the distribution of wealth’, Journal of Roman Studies 82CrossRef Google Scholar

Bagnall, R. S. (1993). ‘Slavery and society in late Roman Egypt’, in Halpern, B. and Hobson, D. W. (eds.), Law, Politics and Society in the Ancient Mediterranean World. (Sheffield)Google Scholar

Bailey, D. M. (1990). ‘Classical architecture in Roman Egypt’, in Henig, M. (ed.), Architecture and Architectural Sculpture in the Roman Empire (Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, Monograph 29). (Oxford)Google Scholar

Bailey, D. M. (1991). Excavations at El-Ashmunein IV. Hermopolis Magna: Buildings of the Roman Period. LondonGoogle Scholar

Bakker, L. (1993) ‘Raetien unter Postumus – Das Siegesdenkmal einer Juthungenschlacht im Jahre 260 n. Chr. aus Augsburg’, Germania 71Google Scholar

K29 Conimbriga-Bracara-Lucus-Asturica. Balil Ilana, A. et al. (eds.). Madrid, 1991Google Scholar

Balty, J.-C. (1988) ‘Apamea in Syria in the second and third centuries a.d.’, Journal of Roman Studies 78CrossRef Google Scholar

Balty, J.-C. (1988). ‘Apamea in Syria in the second and third centuries a.d.’, Journal of Roman Studies 78CrossRef Google Scholar

Balty, J.-C. (1993). Apamea in Syria: The Winter Quarters of Legio II Parthica. BrusselsGoogle Scholar

Barnes, T. D. (1976). ‘Imperial campaigns, a.d. 285–311’, Phoenix 30 (repr. in Barnes, , Early Christianity ch. 12)CrossRef Google Scholar

Barnes, T. D. (1989). ‘Trajan and the Jews’, Journal of Jewish Studies 40CrossRef Google Scholar

Bastianini, G. (1975). ‘Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto dal 30a al 299p’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 17Google Scholar

Bastianini, G. (1980). ‘Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto dal 30a al 299p: Aggiunte e correzioni’ Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 38Google Scholar

Bauzou, T. (1989). ‘Les routes romaines de Syrie’, in Dentzer, and Orthmann, , Syrie 205–21Google Scholar

Bauzou, T. (1993). ‘Épigraphie et toponymie: le cas de la Palmyrène du Sud-Ouest’ Syria 70CrossRef Google Scholar

Bean, G. E. and Mitford, T. B. (1970). Journeys in Rough Cilicia 1964–1968 (Denkschriften der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse 102 = Ergänzungsbände zu den Tituli Asiae Minoris 3). ViennaGoogle Scholar

Bechert, T. and Willems, W. (eds.) (1995). Die römische Reichsgrenze von der Mosel bis zur Nordseekuste. TheissGoogle Scholar

Behr, C. A. (1981). P. Aelius Aristides: The Complete Works, vol. 11. LeidenGoogle Scholar

Benabou, M. (1976). La résistance africaine à la romanisation. ParisGoogle Scholar

Berchem, D. (1937) ‘L'annone militaire dans l'Empire romain au IIIe siècle’, Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de France 80Google Scholar

Berchem, D. (1972). ‘L'occupation militaire de la Haute Égypte sous Dioclétien’, Limes Congress VIIGoogle Scholar

Bianchi, A. (1983) ‘Aspetti della politica economico-fiscale di Filippo l'Arabo’, Aegyptus 63Google Scholar

Bichir, G. (1976). Archaeology and History of the Carpi (BAR Suppl. Ser. 16), 2 vols. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Biernecka-Lubanska, M. (1982). The Roman and Early Byzantine Fortifications of Lower Moesia and Northern Thrace (Bibliotheca Antiqua 17). tr. Warsaw, L. Tokarczyk.Google Scholar

Birley, A. R. (1969) ‘The coups d'état of the year 193’, Bonner Jahrbücher 69Google Scholar

Birley, A. R. (1981). The ‘Fasti’ of Roman Britain. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Birley, E. B. (1969). ‘Septimius Severus and the Roman Army’, Epigraphische Studien 8 (repr. in The Roman Army: Papers 1929–1986 (Mavors Roman Army Researches 4) (Amsterdam, 1988))Google Scholar

Boak, A. E. R. (1955). ‘The population of Roman and Byzantine Karanis’, Historia 4Google Scholar

Bogaers, J. E., and Ruger, C. B. (1974). Der niedergermanische Limes: Materialien zu seiner Geschichte (Kunst und Altertum am Rhein 50). CologneGoogle Scholar

Bonneau, D. (1971). Le fisc et le Nil: incidences des irrégularités de la crue du Nil sur la fiscalité foncière dans l'Égypte grecque et romaine (Publications de l'Institut de droit romain de l'Université de Paris n.s. 2). ParisGoogle Scholar

Bonneau, D. (1993). Le régime administratif de l'eau du Nil dans l'Égypte grecque, romaine et byzantine (Probleme der Ägyptologie 8). LeidenGoogle Scholar

Bounegru, O. and Zahariade, M. (1996). Les forces navales du Bas Danube et de la Mer Noire aux Ier-VIe siècles (Colloquia Pontica 2, ed. G. R. Tsetskhladze). OxfordGoogle Scholar

Bowman, A. K. and Rathbone, D. W. (1992). ‘Cities and administration in Roman Egypt’, Journal of Roman Studies 82CrossRef Google Scholar

Bowman, A. K. (1967). ‘The crown-tax in Roman Egypt’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 4Google Scholar

Bowman, A. K. (1970). ‘A letter of Avidius Cassius?’, Journal of Roman Studies 60CrossRef Google Scholar

Bowman, A. K. (1974). ‘Some aspects of the reform of Diocletian in Egypt’ Akten des XIII internationalen Papyrologenkongresses (Münch. Beitr. 66). MarburgGoogle Scholar

Bowman, A. K. (1976) ‘Papyri and Roman imperial history, 1960–1975’, Journal of Roman Studies 66CrossRef Google Scholar

Bowman, A. K. (1976). ‘Papyri and Roman imperial history 1960–75’, Journal of Roman Studies 66CrossRef Google Scholar

Bowman, A. K. (1978) ‘The military occupation of Upper Egypt in the reign of Diocletian’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 15Google Scholar

Bowman, A. K. (1980). ‘The economy of Egypt in the earlier fourth century’, in King, , Imperial RevenueGoogle Scholar

Bowman, A. K. (1984), ‘Two notes’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 21Google Scholar

Bowman, A. K. (1984). ‘Two notes’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 21Google Scholar

Bowman, A. K. (1985). ‘Landholding in the Hermopolite nome in the fourth century a.d.’, Journal of Roman Studies JRSGoogle Scholar

Bowman, A. K. (1992). ‘Public buildings in Roman Egypt’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 5(review of Lukaszewicz (1986))Google Scholar

Bowman, A. K. (1996a) ‘Egypt’, Cambridge Ancient History X 2: ch. 14bCrossRef Google Scholar

Bowman, A. K. (1996b) Egypt After the Pharaohs, 2nd edn. London (1st edn. 1986)Google Scholar

Braund, D. (1994). Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC–AD 562. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Braunert, H. (1955–6) ‘ΙΔΙΑ: Studien zur Bevölkerungsgeschichte des ptolemäischen und römischen Ägypten’, Journal of Juristic Papyrology 9/10Google Scholar

Breeze, D. J. (1982). The Northern Frontiers of Roman Britain. LondonGoogle Scholar

Breeze, D. J. (1987). ‘Britain’, in Wacher, (1987). pt IVGoogle Scholar

Brennan, P. (1989). ‘Diocletian and Elephantine: a closer look at Pococke's puzzle (IGRR 1.1291 = SB V.8393)’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 76Google Scholar

Brunt, P. A. (1966) ‘Procuratorial jurisdiction’, Latomus 25 (repr. in Brunt, , RIT)Google Scholar

Brunt, P. A. (1966). ‘Procuratorial jurisdiction’, Latomus 25: (repr. in Brunt, , RIT, with ‘Addenda’)Google Scholar

Brunt, P. A. (1975). ‘The administrators of Roman Egypt’, Journal of Roman Studies 65: (repr. In Brunt, , RIT ch. 10)CrossRef Google Scholar

Brunt, P. A. (1981). ‘The revenues of Rome’ (review of Neesen, L., Untersuchungen zu den direkten Staatsangaben der römischen Kaiserzeit (27 v. Chr.–284 n. Chr.) (Bonn, 1980), Journal of Roman Studies 71(repr. in Brunt, , RIT with ‘Addenda’)CrossRef Google Scholar

Burkhalter, F. (1990). ‘Archives locales et archives centrales en Égypte romaine’ Chiron 20Google Scholar

Burton, G. P. (1975). ‘Proconsuls, assizes and the administration of justice under the empire’, Journal of Roman Studies 65CrossRef Google Scholar

Bury, J. B. (1923). ‘The provincial list of Verona’, Journal of Roman Studies 13CrossRef Google Scholar

Calder, W. M. and Bean, G. E. (eds.) (1958). A Classical Map of Asia Minor. LondonGoogle Scholar

Camodeca, G. (1969). ‘Rapporti socio-economici fra città e territorio nel mondo tardo-antico’, in Il territorio di Aquileia nell'antichità, II (Antichità alto-adriatiche 15) (Udine)Google Scholar

L33 Tergeste. Carettoni, G. (ed.). Rome, 1961Google Scholar

Carrié, J.-M. (1975). ‘Les distributions alimentaires dans les cités de l'Empire romain tardif’, Mélanges de l' École française de Rome: Antiquité 87Google Scholar

Carrié, J.-M. (1979). ‘Primipilaires et taxe du “primipilon” à la lumière de la documentation papyrologique’, Actes du XVe Congrès International de Papyrologie IV (Papyrologica Bruxellensia 19) (Brussels)Google Scholar

Carrié, J.-M. (1981). ‘L'Égypte au IVe siècle: fiscalité, économie, société’, Proceedings of the XVI International Congress of Papyrology (American Studies in Papyrology 23)Google Scholar

Carrié, J.-M. (1992). ‘La “munificence” du prince. Le vocabulaire tardif des actes impériaux et ses antécédents’, in Institutions, société et vie politique au IVe siècle ap. J.-C: Actes de la table ronde autour de l'oeuvre d'André Chastagnol, Paris, janv. 1989 (CEFR 159) (Rome)Google Scholar

Carrié, J.-M. (1998). ‘Archives municipales at distributions alimentaires dans l'Égypte romaine’, in La mémoire perdue: Recherches sur l'administration romaine (CEFR 243) (Rome)Google Scholar

Cataniciu, I. B. (1981). Evolution of the System of Defensive Works in Roman Dacia (BAR Suppl. Ser. 116). OxfordGoogle Scholar

K/J 31 Tarraco-Baliares. Cepas Palanca, A. (ed.). Madrid, 1997Google Scholar

K30 Caesaraugusta-Clunia. Cepas Palanca, A. (ed.). Madrid, 1993Google Scholar

Chastagnol, A. (1978). L'album municipal de Timgad (Antiquitas 111.22). BonnGoogle Scholar

Chastagnol, A. (1981a) ‘L'inscription constantinienne d'Orcistus’, Mélanges de l' École française de Rome: Antiquité 93 (repr. in Chastagnol, , Aspects)Google Scholar

Chastagnol, A. (1981b) ‘Les realia d'une cité d'après l'inscription constantinienne d'Orcistos’, Ktema 6CrossRef Google Scholar

Chastagnol, A. (1986). ‘La législation sur les biens des villes au IVe siècle à la lumière d'une inscription d'Éphèse’, Atti dell'Academia Romanistica Costantiniana VI (repr. in Chastagnol, , Aspects)Google Scholar

Cherry, D. (1998). Frontier and Society in Roman North Africa. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Chevallier, R. (1976). Roman Roads (tr. Fields, N. H.). LondonCrossRef Google Scholar

Christiansen, E. (1988). The Roman Coins of Alexandria: Quantitative Studies. AarhusGoogle Scholar

Christie, N. (1991). ‘The Alps as a frontier (a.d. 168–774)’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 4Google Scholar

Christol, M. and Drew-Bear, T. (1983). ‘Une délimination de territoire en Phrygie-Carie’, Travaux et Recherches en Turquie 11.1982Google Scholar

Christol, M. (1975). ‘Les règnes de Valérien et de Gallien (253–268): travaux d'ensemble, questions chronologiques’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 11.2Google Scholar

Cimma, M. R. (1989). L'episcopalis audientia nelle costituzioni imperiali da Costantino a Giustiniano. TurinGoogle Scholar

Cotton, H. (1997). ‘Η ΝΕΑ ΕΠΑΡΧΕΙΑ ΑΡΑΒΙΑ: the new province of Arabia in the papyri from the Judaean Desert’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 116Google Scholar

Cracco Ruggini, L. (1982–3) ‘Sicilia III/IV secolo: il volto della non-città’, Kokalos 28–9Google Scholar

Cracco Ruggini, L. (1989). ‘La città imperiale’, in Momigliano, A. and Schiavone, A. (eds.), Storia di Roma IV: Caratteri e morfologie (Turin)Google Scholar

Crawford, M. H. and Reynolds, J. M. (1975) ‘The publication of the Prices Edict: a new inscription from Aezani’, Journal of Roman Studies 65CrossRef Google Scholar

Crow, J., and Bryer, A. (1997). ‘Survey in Trabzon and Gumushane vilayets, Turkey 1992–1994’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 51CrossRef Google Scholar

Curchin, L. A. (1985). ‘Vici and pagi in Roman Spain’, Revue des Études Anciennes 87CrossRef Google Scholar

Dagron, G. (1979). ‘Entre village et cité: la bourgade rurale des IVe–VIIe siècles en Orient’, Koinonia 3 (repr. in La romanité chrétienne en Orient (Variorum Collected Studies 193) (London, 1984) ch. 7)Google Scholar

Daniels, C. (1987). ‘Africa’ in Wacher, (1987). pt IVGoogle Scholar

Deininger, J. (1965). Die Provinziallandtage der römischen Kaiserzeit von Augustus bis zum Ende des dritten Jahrhunderts n. Chr. (Vestigia 6). MunichGoogle Scholar

Delmaire, R. (1988). ‘Le personnel de l'administration financière en Égypte sous le Bas-Empire romain (IVe–VIe siècles)’, Cahiers de recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et d'Égyptologie de Lille 10Google Scholar

Desideri, P. (1987). ‘L'iscrizione del mietitore (CIL VIII. 11824): un aspetto della cultura mactaritana’, in L'Africa romana 4Google Scholar

Dilke, O. A. W. (1985). Greek and Roman Maps. LondonGoogle Scholar

Dixon, P. (1992). ‘“The cities are not populated as once they were”’, in Rich, (1992)Google Scholar

Downey, G. (1961) A History of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest. PrincetonGoogle Scholar

Drew-Bear, M. (1984a) ‘Les conseillers municipaux des métropoles au IIIe siècle après J.-C.’, Chronique d' Égypte 59Google Scholar

Drew-Bear, M. (1984b) ‘Les archives du conseil municipal d'Hermoupolis Magna’, Atti del XVII Congresso internazionale di Papyrologia 3 (Naples)Google Scholar

Drew-Bear, M. (1988) Hermoupolis-la-Grande à l'époque de Gallien: Recherches sur l'histoire d'une cité de l'Égypte romaine à la lumière des archives de son conseil. ParisGoogle Scholar

Drinkwater, J. F. (1983) Roman Gaul: The Three Provinces 58 bc–ad 260. London and CanberraGoogle Scholar

Duncan-Jones, R. P. (1976) ‘The price of wheat in Egypt under the principate’, Chiron 6Google Scholar

Duncan-Jones, R. P. (1996) ‘The impact of the Antonine plague’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 9CrossRef Google Scholar

Egger, R. (1926) Forschungen in Salona, II: Der altchristliche Friedhof Manastirine. ViennaGoogle Scholar

El-Saghir, M., Migalla, R. and Gabolde, L. (1986) Le camp romain de Louqsor (Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire 83). CairoGoogle Scholar

Euzennat, M. (1967) ‘Le Limes de Volubilis’, Limes Congress VIGoogle Scholar

Feissel, D. and Gascou, J. (1995) ‘Documents d'archives romains inédits du Moyen Euphrate (IIIe s. après J.-C.). I: les pétitions (P. Euphr. 1 à 5)’, Journal des Savants 1995Google Scholar

Feissel, D. (1999) ‘L';adnotatio de Constantin sur le droit de cité d'Orcistus en Phrygie’, L'Antiquité Tardive 9Google Scholar

Fentress, E. W. B. (1979) Numidia and the Roman Army (BAR Int. Ser. 53). OxfordGoogle Scholar

Fiedler, U. (1986) ‘Zur Datierung der Langwalle an der mittleren und unteren Donau’, Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 16Google Scholar

Fitz, J. (1982) The Great Age of Pannonia (AD 193–284). BudapestGoogle Scholar

Foti Talamanca, G. (1974, 1979) Ricerche sul processo nell'Egitto greco-romano: I L'organizzazione del ‘Conventus’ del ‘Praefectus Aegypti’; II.1 L'introduzione del giudizio. MilanGoogle Scholar

French, D. H. (1981) Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor. Fasc. 1: The Pilgrim's Road (BAR Int. Ser. 105). OxfordGoogle Scholar

French, D. H. (1983) ‘New research on the Euphrates frontier’, in Mitchell, , AFRBAGoogle Scholar

French, D. H. and Lightfoot, C. S. (eds.) (1989) The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire (BAR Suppl. Ser. 553). OxfordGoogle Scholar

Frend, W. H. C. (1956) ‘A third-century inscription relating to angareia in Phrygia’, Journal of Roman Studies 46CrossRef Google Scholar

Gajdukevic, V. F. (1971) Das Bosporanische Reich. BerlinGoogle Scholar

Galsterer, H. (1982) ‘Stadt und Territorium’, in Vittinghoff, F. (ed.), Stadt und Herrschaft. Römische Kaiserzeit und hohes Mittelalter (Historische Zeitschrift Beiheft n.s. 7) (Munich)Google Scholar

Galsterer, H. (1987) ‘La loi municipale des Romains: chimère ou réalité?’, RHDFE4 65Google Scholar

Ganghoffer, R. (1963) L'évolution des institutions municipales en Occident et en Orient au Bas-Empire (Bibliothèque d'Histoire de Droit et de Droit Romain 9). ParisGoogle Scholar

Garbsch, J. (1970) Der spätrömische Donau-Iller-Rhein-Limes (Kleine Schriften zur Kenntnis der römischen Besetzungsgeschichte Südwestdeutschlands 6). StuttgartGoogle Scholar

Garnsey, P. (1970) Social Status and Legal Privilege in the Roman Empire. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Garnsey, P. (1974) ‘Aspects of the decline of the urban aristocracy in the empire’, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.1Google Scholar

Gascou, J. (1967) ‘Le rescrit d'Hispellum’, Mélanges de l' École française de Rome: Antiquité 79Google Scholar

Gascou, J. (1976) ‘Les curies africaines: origine punique ou italienne?’, AntAfr 10CrossRef Google Scholar

Gascou, J. (1982a) ‘La politique municipale de Rome en Afrique du Nord, I – De a mort d'Auguste au début du IIIe siécle’, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.10.2; ‘II – Après la mort de Septime Sévère’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.10.2Google Scholar

Gascou, J. (1982b) ‘Les pagi carthaginois’, in Février et, P. A. Leveau, P. (eds.), Villes et campagnes dans l'Empire romain: Actes du colloque organisé à Aix-en-Provence par l'U.E.R. d'histoire, les 16 et 17 mai, 1980 (Aix-en-Provence)Google Scholar

Gaudemet, J. (1951) ‘Constantin et les curies’, Iura 2Google Scholar

Geraci, G. (1991) ‘Epi tes eirenes, irenarchi, decadarchi epi eirenes: alcune considerazioni’, in Hestiasis: Studi di Tarda Antichità offerti a Salvatore Calderone III (Messina)Google Scholar

Geremek, H. (1981) ‘Les politeuomenoi égyptiens sont-ils identiques aux bouleutai’, Anagennesis 1Google Scholar

Gerov, B. (1977) ‘Die Einfälle der Nordvölker in den Ostbalkanraum im Lichte derMünzschätzfunde I. Das II. und III. Jahrhundert (101–284)’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 11.6Google Scholar

Gerov, B. (1977) ‘Die Einfälle der Nordvölker in den Ostbalkansraum im Lichte der Münzschatzfunde, I: Das II. u. III. Jahrhundert (101–284)’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.6 (repr. in Gerov, (1980))Google Scholar

Gerov, B. (1979) ‘Die Grenzen der römischen Provinz Thracia bis zur Grundung des aurelianischen Dakien’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.7.1Google Scholar

Gerov, B. (1980–98) Beiträge zur Geschichte der römischen Provinzen Moesien und Thrakien: gesammelte Aufsätze, vols. I–III. AmsterdamGoogle Scholar

Gerov, B. (1980) Beiträge zur Geschichte der römischen Provinzen Moesien und Thrakien. Gesammelte Aufsätze. AmsterdamGoogle Scholar

Gerstinger, H. (1950) ‘Eine Grunderwerbsapographie bei der Bibliotheke Enkteseon von Hermupolis Magna aus dem Jahre 319 n.Chr.’, in Anzeiger der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse 87Google Scholar

Giardina, A. and Grelle, F. (1983) ‘La tavola di Trinitapoli: una nuova costituzione di Valentiniano I’, Mélanges de l' École française de Rome: Antiquité 95Google Scholar

Giardina, A. (1977) Aspetti della burocrazia nel basso impero (Filologia e critica 22). RomeGoogle Scholar

Gilliam, J. F. (1940) ‘The ordinarii and ordinati of the Roman army’, Transactions of the American Philological Association 71 (repr. in Roman Army Papers (Mavors Roman Army Researches 2; Amsterdam, 1986)Google Scholar

Goffart, W. (1974) Caput and Colonate: Towards a History of Late Roman Taxation. Toronto and BuffaloGoogle Scholar

González, J. [with M. H. Crawford] (1986) ‘The Lex Irnitana: a new copy of the Flavian municipal law’, Journal of Roman Studies 76CrossRef Google Scholar

Goodchild, R. G. (1976) Libyan Studies: Select Papers of the Late R. G. Goodchild (ed. Reynolds, J.). LondonGoogle Scholar

H/I 33 Lepcis Magna. Goodchild, R. G. (ed.). London, 1954Google Scholar

H/I 34 Cyrene. Goodchild, R. G. (ed.). London, 1954Google Scholar

Gregory, S. (1995) Roman Military Architecture on the Eastern Frontier, vol. I. AmsterdamGoogle Scholar

Grelle, F. (1963) Stipendium vel tributum: l'Imposizione fondiaria nelle dottrine giuridiche del II e III secolo (Pubblicazioni della Facoltà Giuridica dell'Università di Napoli 66). NaplesGoogle Scholar

Grelle, F. (1986) ‘Le categorie dell'amministrazione tardoantica: Officia, munera, honores’, in Giardina, , Società romana IGoogle Scholar

Grimm, G., Heinen, H. and Winter, E. (eds.) (1983) Das römisch-byzantinische Ägypten, Akten des internationalen Symposions 26–30 September 1978 in Trier (Aegyptiaca Treverensia 2). MainzGoogle Scholar

Gudea, N. (1977) ‘Der Limes Dakiens und die Verteidigung der obermoesischen Donaulinie von Trajan bis Aurelian’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 11.6Google Scholar

Haas, C. (1997) Alexandria in Late Antiquity. Topography and Social Conflict. BaltimoreGoogle Scholar

Haensch, R. (1992) ‘Das Staathalterarchiv’, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung för Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung 109Google Scholar

Hagedorn, D. (1985) ‘Zum Amt der διοικητής im römischen Ägypten’, Yale Classical Studies 28Google Scholar

Hajnoczi, G. (ed.) (1995) La Pannonia e l'impero romano. RomeGoogle Scholar

Hammond, N. G. L. (1972) A History of Macedonia, vol. I: Historical Geography and Prehistory. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Harper, G. M. (1928) Village Administration in the Roman Province of Syria (YCS i). PrincetonGoogle Scholar

Heather, P. and Matthews, J. (1991) The Goths in the Fourth Century (Translated Texts for Historians 11). LiverpoolCrossRef Google Scholar

Heather, P. (1996) The Goths. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Hellenkemper, G. (1975) ‘Architektur als Beitrag zur Geschichte der Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.4Google Scholar

Hendy, M. H. (1972) ‘Mint and fiscal administration under Diocletian, his colleagues and his successors’, Journal of Roman Studies 62 (repr. in The Economy, Fiscal Administration and Coinage of Byzantium (Northampton, 1989) ch.4)CrossRef Google Scholar

Hendy, M. (1972) ‘Mint and fiscal administration under Diocletian, his colleagues and his successors’, Journal of Roman Studies 62 (repr. in Hendy, M., The Economy, Fiscal Administration and Coinage of Byzantium (Northampton, 1989) ch. 4)CrossRef Google Scholar

Henrichs, A. (1968) ‘Vespasian's visit to Alexandria’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 3Google Scholar

Hirschfeld, O. (1905) Die kaiserlichen Verwaltungsbeamten bis auf Diokletian, 2nd edn. BerlinGoogle Scholar

Hoddinott, R. F. (1975) Bulgaria in Antiquity: An Archaeological Introduction. LondonGoogle Scholar

Hoffmann, D. (1969–70) Das spätrömische Bewegungsheer und die Notitia Dignitatum. (ES 7), 2 vols. Dusseldorf (orig. publ. Bamberg, 1968)Google Scholar

Horbury, W. (1996) ‘The beginnings of the Jewish revolt under Trajan,’ in Schäfer, P. (ed.), Geschichte–Tradition–Reflexion: Festschrift für Martin Hengel, 1: Judentum (Tübingen)Google Scholar

Horsley, G. H. R. (1981–9) New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity, vols. I–IV. North Ryde, NSWGoogle Scholar

Horstkotte, H. J. (1984) ‘Die Datierung des Dekurionenverzeichnisses von Timgad und die spätrömische Kaisergesetzgebung’, Historia 33Google Scholar

Horstkotte, H. J. (1991) Die ‘Steuerhaftung’ im spätrömischen ‘Zwangstaat’, 2nd edn (Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 185). KönigsteinGoogle Scholar

Hunt, P. (1998) ‘Summus Poeninus on the Grand St Bernard pass’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 11CrossRef Google Scholar

Hyde, W. W. (1935) Roman Alpine Routes (Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 2). PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar

I diritti locali nelle province romane con particolare riguardo alle condizioni giuridiche del suolo. Atti del Convegno internazionale, Roma, 26–28 ottobre 1971 (Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Anno 371, 1974, Quaderno 194). RomeGoogle Scholar

Isaac, B. (1988) ‘The meaning of the terms limes and limitanei’, Journal of Roman Studies 78CrossRef Google Scholar

Jacques, F. (1981) ‘Volontariat et compétition dans les carrières municipales Durant le Haut-Empire’, Ktema 6CrossRef Google Scholar

Jacques, F. (1984) Le privilège de liberté: Politique impériale et autonomie municipale dans les cités de l'Occident romain (161–244) (CEFR 76). RomeGoogle Scholar

Jacques, F. (1985) ‘Obnoxius curiae: origines et formes de l'astreinte à la cité au IVe siècle de notre ère’, RHDFE4 63Google Scholar

Jacques, F. (1990a) ‘Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la Lex Irnitana’, L'Afrique dans l'Occident romainGoogle Scholar

Jacques, F. (1990b) Les cités de l'Occident romain du Ier siècle avant J.-C. au VIe siècle après J.-C.: Documents traduits et commentés. ParisGoogle Scholar

Johnson, A. C. and West, L. C. (1949) Byzantine Egypt, Economic Studies. PrincetonGoogle Scholar

Johnson, A. C. (1936) Roman Egypt to the Reign of Diocletian (ESAR ii). BaltimoreGoogle Scholar

Johnston, D. E. (ed.) (1977) The Saxon Shore (Council of British Archaeology Research Report 18). LondonGoogle Scholar

Jones, A. H. M. (1940) The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian. Oxford.Google Scholar

Jones, A. H. M. (1949) ‘The Roman civil service (clerical and subclerical grades)’, Journal of Roman Studies 39 (repr. in Studies in Roman Government and Law (Oxford, 1960)CrossRef Google Scholar

Jones, A. H. M. (1949) Constantine and the Conversion of Europe. LondonGoogle Scholar

Jones, A. H. M. (1971) Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, 2nd edn. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Kandler, M. and Vetters, E. (1986) Der römische Limes in Österreich: Ein Führer. ViennaGoogle Scholar

Katzoff, R. (1982) ‘Sources of law in Egypt: the role of the prefect’, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.13Google Scholar

Keay, S. J. (1988) Roman Spain. LondonGoogle Scholar

Keenan, J. G. (1982–3) ‘Papyrology and Roman history, 1956–80’, Classical World 76Google Scholar

Keenan, J. G. (2000) ‘Egypt’, in Cambridge Ancient History XIVGoogle Scholar

Kellner, H.-J. (1978) Die Römer in Bayern, 4th edn. MunichGoogle Scholar

Kennedy, D. L. and Macadam, H. I. (1985) ‘Some Latin inscriptions from the Azraq Oasis, Jordan’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 60Google Scholar

Kennedy, D. L. and Riley, D. (1990) Rome's Desert Frontier from the Air. LondonGoogle Scholar

Kennedy, D. L. (1980) ‘The frontier policy of Septimius Severus: New evidence from Arabia’, Limes Congress XIIGoogle Scholar

Kennedy, D. L. (1982) Archaeological Explorations on the Roman Frontier in North East Jordan (BAR Suppl. Ser. 134). OxfordGoogle Scholar

Kennedy, D. L. (1987) ‘The East’, in Wacher, (1987) pt IVGoogle Scholar

Kennedy, D. L. (ed.) (1996) The Roman Army in the East (JRA Suppl. 18). Ann Arbor, MIGoogle Scholar

Kloft, H. (1970) Liberalitas principis: Untersuchungen zur Prinzipatsideologie (Kölner historische Abhandlungen 18). Cologne and ViennaGoogle Scholar

Kotula, T. (1965) Zgromadzenia prowincjonalne w rzymskiej Afryce w epoce póznego cesarstwa (Wroclawskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Prace. A, 108). Wroclaw (French summary: Les assemblées provinciales dans l'Afrique romaine sous le Bas-Empire)Google Scholar

Kotula, T. (1974) ‘Snobisme municipal ou prospérité relative? Recherches sur le statut des villes nord-africaines sous le Bas-Empire’, AntAfr 8CrossRef Google Scholar

Krüger, J. (1990) Oxyrhynchos in der Kaiserzeit: Studien zur Topographie und Literaturrezeption (Europäische Hochschulschriften III.441). Frankfurt-am-MainGoogle Scholar

Kubitschek, W. (1916) ‘Itinerarien’, Pauly-Wissowa, , Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenchaft IXGoogle Scholar

Lallemand, J. (1964), L'administration civile de l'Egypte de l'avènement de Dioclétien à la création du diocèse (284–382) (Mémoires de l'Académie Royale de Belgique, Cl. des Lettres 57.2). BrusselsGoogle Scholar

Lamberti, F. (1993) ‘Tabulae Irnitanae’: municipalità e ‘ius Romanorum’ (Pubblicazioni del Dipartimento di diritto Romano e storia della scienza Romanistica dell'Università degli studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’ 6). NaplesGoogle Scholar

Lander, J. (1984) Roman Stone Fortifications (BAR Suppl. Ser. 206). OxfordGoogle Scholar

Langhammer, W. (1973) Die rechtliche und soziale Stellung der Magistratus Municipales und der Decuriones in der Übergangsphase der Städte von sich selbstverwaltenden Gemeinden zu Vollzugsorganen des spätantiken Zwangsstaates (2.–4. Jahrhundert der römischen Kaiserzeit). WiesbadenGoogle Scholar

Lavagne, H. (1994) ‘Une nouvelle inscription d'Augsbourg et les causes de l'usurpation de Postume’, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1994Google Scholar

Lepelley, C. (1979) Les cités de l'Afrique romaine au Bas-Empire. I: La permanence d'une civilisation municipale. ParisGoogle Scholar

Lepelley, C. (1981a) Les cités de l'Afrique romaine au Bas-Empire. II: Notices d'histoire municipale. ParisGoogle Scholar

Lepelley, C. (1981b) ‘La carrière municipale dans l'Afrique romaine sous l'empire tardif’, Ktema 6 (repr. in Lepelley, (2001)CrossRef Google Scholar

Lepelley, C. (1986) ‘Fine dell'ordine equestre: le tappe dell'unificazione della classe dirigente romana nel IV secolo’, in Giardina, , Società romana IGoogle Scholar

Lepelley, C. (1990) ‘Ubique res publica: Tertullien témoin méconnu de l'essor des cités africaines à l'époque sévérienne’, in L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (repr. in Lepelley, (2001))Google Scholar

Lepelley, C. (1996) ‘La fin du privilège de liberté: la restriction de l'autonomie des cités à l'aube du Bas-Empire’, in Chastagnol, A., Demougin, S. and Lepelley, C. (eds.), ‘Splendidissima Civitas’: Études d'Histoire romaine en homage à François Jacques (Paris)Google Scholar

Lepelley, C. (2001) Aspects de l'Afrique romaine: Les cités, la vie rurale, le christianisme (Munera: Studi storici sulla tarda antichità 15). BariGoogle Scholar

Lewin, A. (1991) Studi sulla città imperiale romana nell'Oriente tardoantico (Biblioteca di Athenaeum 17). ComoGoogle Scholar

Lewis, N. (1983) Life in Egypt under Roman Rule. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Lewis, N. (1997) The Compulsory Public Services of Roman Egypt (Papyrologica Florentina 28) 2nd edn. FlorenceGoogle Scholar

Liebenam, W. (1900) Städteverwaltung im römischen Kaiserreiche. Leipzig (repr. Amsterdam, 1967)Google Scholar

Liebeschuetz, J. H. G. W. (1972) Antioch: City and Imperial Administration in the Later Roman Empire. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Liebs, D. (1978) ‘Ämterpatronage in der Spätantike’, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung för Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung 95Google Scholar

Lintott, A. (1993) Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration. London and New YorkGoogle Scholar

Loriot, X. (1975a) ‘Les premières années de la grande crise du IIIe siècle: de l'avènement de Maximin le Thrace (235) à la mort de Gordien III (244)’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.2Google Scholar

Loriot, X. (1975b) ‘Chronologie du règne de Philippe l'Arabe (244–9 après J. C.)’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.2Google Scholar

L32 Mediolanum-Aventicum-Brigantium. Lugli, G. (ed.). Rome, 1966Google Scholar

Lukaszewicz, A. (1986) Les édifices publics dans les villes de l'Égypte romaine: Problèmes administratifs et financiers. WarsawGoogle Scholar

MacMullen, R. (1963) Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar

MacMullen, R. (1982) ‘The epigraphic habit in the Roman empire’, AJPh 103Google Scholar

Magie, D. (1950) Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century After Christ, 2 vols. PrincetonGoogle Scholar

Mann, J. C. (1975) ‘The frontiers of the principate’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.1Google Scholar

Mann, J. C. (1979) ‘Force and the frontiers of the empire’, Journal of Roman Studies 69CrossRef Google Scholar

Mann, J. C. (1979) ‘Power, force and the frontiers of the empire’, Journal of Roman Studies 69 (review of Luttwak, Grand StrategyCrossRef Google Scholar

Matthiass, B. (1891) ‘Zur Geschichte und Organisation der römischen Zwangsver-bände’, in Festschrift der Rostocker Juristenfakultät zum fünfzigjährigen, Doctorjubiläum, Sr. Excellenz, des Staatsrathes Dr. von Buchka (Rostock)Google Scholar

Mattingly, D. J. (1995) Tripolitania. LondonGoogle Scholar

Mattingly, H. (1939) ‘The imperial recovery’, Cambridge Ancient History XII 1Google Scholar

Maxfield, V. A. (1987) ‘Mainland Europe’, in Wacher, (1987) pt IVGoogle Scholar

Mayerson, P. (1983) ‘P.Oxy. 3574: Eleutheropolis of the New Arabia’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 53Google Scholar

Mayerson, P. (1986) ‘Nea Arabia (P.Oxy. 3574): an addendum to ZPE 53’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 64Google Scholar

Mélèze-Modrzejewski, J. (1961) ‘La dévolution à l'État des successions en déshérence dans le droit hellénistique (Note sur P. Doura-Welles 12)’, RIDA3 8Google Scholar

Mélèze-Modrzejewski, J. (1982) ‘Ménandre de Laodicée et l'Édit de Caracalla’, Symposion 1977: Vorträge zur griechischen und hellenistischen Rechtsgeschichte (Chantilly, 1.–4. June 1977) (Akten der Gesellschaft für griechische und hellenistische Rechtsgeschichte 3) (Cologne and Vienna) (repr. in Mélèze-Modrzejewski, (1990) ch. 12)Google Scholar

Mélèze-Modrzejewski, J. (1985) ‘Entre la cité et le fisc: le statut grec dans l'Égypte romaine’, in Nieto, F. J. Fernández (ed.), Symposion 1982: Actas de la Sociedad de Historia del Derecho Griego y Helenístico (Santander, 1–4 septiembre 1982) (Valencia) (repr. in Mélèze-Modrzejewski, (1990) ch. 1)Google Scholar

Mélèze-Modrzejewski, J. (1990) Droit impérial et traditions locales dans l'Égypte romaine (Variorum Collected Studies 321). AldershotGoogle Scholar

Meredith, D. (1952) ‘The Roman remains in the eastern desert of Egypt 1’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 38CrossRef Google Scholar

Meredith, D. (1953) ‘The Roman remains in the eastern desert of Egypt 2’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 39CrossRef Google Scholar

G36 Coptos. Meredith, D. (ed.). London, 1958Google Scholar

Mertens, P. (1958) Les services de l'état-civil et le contrôle de la population à Oxyrhynchus au IIIe siècle de notre ère (Académie Royale de Belgique, Classe des Lettres et des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Mémoires 53.2). BrusselsGoogle Scholar

Metcalf, W. E. (1987) ‘From Greek to Latin currency in third-century Egypt’, in Huvelin, H., Christol, M. and Gautier, G. (eds.), Mélanges de numismatique offerts à Pierre Bastien à l'occasion de son 75e anniversaire (Wetteren)Google Scholar

Mihailov, G. (1963) ‘Septimius Severus in Moesia Inferior and Thrace’, in Gerov, B. et al., Acta Antiqua Philippopolitana: Studia Historica et Philologica (Sofia)Google Scholar

Millar, F. G. B. (1964) ‘Some evidence on the meaning of Tacitus, Annals XII 60’, Historia 13Google Scholar

Millar, F. G. B. (1964) A Study of Cassius Dio. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Millar, F. G. B. (1965) ‘The development of jurisdiction by imperial procurators: further evidence’, Historia 14Google Scholar

Millar, F. G. B. (1969) ‘P. Herennius Dexippus: the Greek world and the third-century invasions’, Journal of Roman Studies 59CrossRef Google Scholar

Millar, F. G. B. (1983) ‘Empire and city, Augustus to Julian: obligations, excuses and status’, Journal of Roman Studies 73CrossRef Google Scholar

Miller, K. (1916) Itineraria Romana. Römische Reisewege an der Hand der Tabula Peutingeriana. StuttgartGoogle Scholar

Mirkovic, M. (1980) ‘Vom obermosischen Limes nach dem Suden: Via Nova von Viminacium nach Dardanien’, Limes Congress XII: IIGoogle Scholar

Missler, H. E. L. (1970) Der Komarch: ein Beitrag zur Dorfverwaltung im polemäischen, römischen und byzantinischen Ägypten. Marburg and LahnGoogle Scholar

Mitford, T. B. (1974) ‘Some inscriptions from the Cappadocian Limes’, Journal of Roman Studies 64CrossRef Google Scholar

Mitford, T. B. (1980) ‘Cappadocia and Armenia Minor: historical setting of the Limes’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.7Google Scholar

Mitteis, L. and Wilcken, U. (1912) Grundzüge und Chrestomathie der Papyruskunde, 4 vols. Leipzig and BerlinGoogle Scholar

Mitteis, L. (1891) Reichsrecht und Volksrecht in den östlichen Provinzen des römischen Kaiserreichs. LeipzigGoogle Scholar

Mócsy, A. (1969) ‘Ein spätantiker Festungstyp am linken Donauufer’, Limes Congress VIIIGoogle Scholar

Mócsy, A. (1974) Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. London and BostonGoogle Scholar

Mócsy, A. (1974) Pannonia and Upper Moesia. LondonGoogle Scholar

Mommsen, T. (1887–8) Römisches Staatsrecht, 3rd edn, 3 vols. LeipzigGoogle Scholar

Mommsen, T. (1905) Gesammelte Schriften II: Juristische Schriften II. BerlinGoogle Scholar

Montevecchi, O. (1988) La Papirologia, repr. with addendum. Milan (1st edn. 1974)Google Scholar

Musurillo, H. H. (1972) The Acts of the Christian Martyrs. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Neesen, L. (1980) Untersuchungen zu den direkten Staatsabgaben der römischen Kaiserzeit (27 v. Chr.–284 n. Chr.) (Antiquitas 1.32). BonnGoogle Scholar

Neesen, L. (1981) ‘Die Entwicklung der Leistungen und Ämter (munera et honores) im römischen Kaiserreich des zweiten bis vierten Jahrhunderts’, Historia 30Google Scholar

Noethlichs, K. L. (1981) Beamtentum und Dienstvergehen: Zur Staatsverwaltung in der Spätantike. WiesbadenGoogle Scholar

Nörr, D. (1965) ‘Origo’, in Pauly-Wissowa, , Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenchaft Suppl. xGoogle Scholar

Nörr, D. (1966) ‘Imperium’ und ‘Polis’ in der hohen Prinzipatszeit (Münch. Beitr. 50). MunichGoogle Scholar

Nörr, D. (1969) ‘Zur Entstehung der Gewohnheits-rechtlichen Theorie’, in Kaser, M. et al. (eds.), Festschrift für Wilhelm Felgentraeger zum 70. Gerburtstag: im Namen von Freunden, Kollegen und Schülern (Göttingen)Google Scholar

Nuyens, M. (1964) Le statut obligatoire des décurions dans le droit constantinien. LouvainGoogle Scholar

Oates, D. (1968) Studies in the Ancient History of Northern Iraq. LondonGoogle Scholar

Oates, J. F. et al. (2001) Checklist of Editions of Greek, Latin, Demotic and Coptic Papyri, Ostraca and Tablets (BASP Suppl. 9) 5th edn. AtlantaCrossRef Google Scholar

Oberhummer, E. (1937) ‘Perinthos’, Pauly-Wissowa, , Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenchaft XIXGoogle Scholar

Oertel, F. (1917) Die Liturgie: Studien zur ptolemäischen und kaiserlichen Verwaltung Ägyptens. LeipzigGoogle Scholar

Oertel, F. (1939) ‘The economic life of the empire’, Cambridge Ancient History XII 1Google Scholar

M33 Castra Regina-Vindobona-Carnuntum. Oliva, P. et al. (eds.). Prague, 1986Google Scholar

Palme, B. (1989) Das Amt des ΑΠΑΙΤΗΤΗΣ in Ägypten (MPER n.s. 20). ViennaGoogle Scholar

Palme, B. (1999) ‘Die Officia der Staathalter in der Spätantike: Forschungsstand und Perspektiven’, L'Antiquité Tardive 7Google Scholar

Papazoglu, F. (1988) Les Villes de Macédoine à l'époque romaine (BCH Suppl. 16). ParisGoogle Scholar

Parker, S. T. (1986) Romans and Saracens: A History of the Arabian Frontier. Winona Lake, INGoogle Scholar

Parker, S. T. (1987) The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan: Interim Report on the Limes Arabicus Project, 1980–85 (BAR Int. Ser. 340) 2 vols. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Parsons, P. J. (1967) ‘Philippus Arabs and Egypt’, Journal of Roman Studies 57CrossRef Google Scholar

Paschoud, F. (1971–89) Zosime, Histoire Nouvelle (ed. and commentary), 3 vols. in 5, 1st edn. ParisGoogle Scholar

Paschoud, F. (2000) Zosime, Histoire Nouvelle I: Livres I–II (Budé), 2nd edn. Paris (1st edn 1971)Google Scholar

Paschoud, F. (2000) Zosime, Histoire Nouvelle I: Livres I–II (Budé), 2nd edn. ParisGoogle Scholar

Petit, P. (1955) Libanius et la vie municipale à Antioche au IVe siècle après J.-C. (Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique 62). ParisCrossRef Google Scholar

Petrikovits, H. von (1971) ‘Fortifications in the north-western Roman empire from the third to the fifth centuries a.d.’, Journal of Roman Studies 61Google Scholar

Petrikovits, H. von (1971) ‘Fortifications in the north-western Roman empire from the third to the fifth centuries A.D.’, Journal of Roman Studies 61Google Scholar

Petrović, P. (ed.) (1996) Roman Limes on the Middle and Lower Danube (Cahiers des Portes de Fer, Monographies 2). BelgradeGoogle Scholar

Pflaum, H.-G. (1940) ‘Essai sur le cursus publicus sous le Haut-Empire romain’, Mémoires présentés à l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 14Google Scholar

Pflaum, H.-G. (1952) ‘La fortification de la ville d'Adraha d'Arabie (259–260 à 274–275) d'après des inscriptions récemment découvertes’, Syria 29Google Scholar

Picard, G. C. (1947) Castellum Dimmidi. Algiers and ParisGoogle Scholar

Poczy, K. (1995) ‘La città di Aquincum sede del luogotenente della Pannonia Inferiore’, in Hajnoczi, (1995)Google Scholar

Polverini, L. (1975) ‘Da Aureliano a Diocleziano’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.2Google Scholar

Popović, V. (ed.) (1971) Sirmium: Archaeological Investigations in Syrmian Pannonia, I. BelgradeGoogle Scholar

Price, R. M. (1976) ‘The Limes of Lower Egypt’, in Goodburn, and Bartholomew, , Notitia DignitatumGoogle Scholar

Quass, F. (1993) Die Honoratiorenschicht in den Städten des griechischen Ostens: Untersuchungen zur politischen und sozialen Entwicklung in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit. StuttgartGoogle Scholar

Radke, G. (1973) ‘Viae Publicae Romanae’, Pauly-Wissowa, , Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenchaft Suppl. XIIIGoogle Scholar

Rathbone, D. W. (1989) ‘The ancient economy and Graeco-Roman Egypt’, in Criscuolo, L. and Geraci, G. (eds.), Egitto e storia antica dall'ellenismo all'età araba: bilancio di un confronto. Atti del colloquio internazionale, Bologna, 31 Agosto-2 Settembre, 1987 (Bologna)Google Scholar

Rathbone, D. W. (1990) ‘Villages, land and population in Graeco-Roman Egypt’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 36CrossRef Google Scholar

Rathbone, D. W. (1991) Economic Rationalism and Rural Society in Third-century AD Egypt: The Heroninus Archive and the Appianus Estate. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Rathbone, D. W. (1996) ‘Monetisation, not price-inflation, in third-century a.d. Egypt?’, in King, and Wigg, , Coin FindsGoogle Scholar

Rea, J. R., Salomans, R. P. and Worp, K. A. (1985) ‘A ration-warrant for an adiutor memoriae’, Yale Classical Studies 28Google Scholar

Rea, J. R. (1974) ‘PSI IV 310 and imperial bullion purchases’, Chronique d' Égypte 49Google Scholar

Rea, J. R. (1977) ‘A new version of P. Yale inv. 299’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 27Google Scholar

Rea, J. R. (1977) ‘The date clause of P. Oxy. XIV 1646.32–4’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 26Google Scholar

Rea, J. R. (1980) ‘Ordinatus’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 39Google Scholar

Rea, J. R. (1983) ‘Proceedings before Q. Maecius Laetus Praef. Aeg. etc.’, Journal of Juristic Papyrology 19Google Scholar

Reece, R. (1992) ‘The end of the city in Roman Britain’, in Rich, (1992)Google Scholar

Rees, B. R. (1952) ‘The defensor civitatis in Egypt’, Journal of Juristic Papyrology 6Google Scholar

Rees, B. R. (1953–4) ‘The curator civitatis in Egypt’, Journal of Juristic Papyrology 7–8Google Scholar

Rey-Coquais, J. P. (1978) ‘Syrie romaine de Pompée à Dioclétien’, Journal of Roman Studies 68CrossRef Google Scholar

Rich, J. (ed.) (1992) The City in Late Antiquity (Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society 3). London and New YorkCrossRef Google Scholar

Richardson, J. S. (1996) The Romans in Spain. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Rigsby, K. (1977) ‘Sacred ephebic games at Oxyrhynchus’, Chronique d' Égypte 52Google Scholar

Rivet, A. L. F. and Smith, C. (1979) The Place-Names of Roman Britain. LondonGoogle Scholar

Rivet, A. L. F. (1988) Gallia Narbonensis: Southern Gaul in Roman Times. LondonGoogle Scholar

M30/31 Condate-Glevum-Londinium-Lutetia. Rivet, A. L. F. (ed.). London, 1983Google Scholar

N29/30/31/O29/30 Britannia Septentrionalis. Rivet, A. L. F. (ed.). London, 1987Google Scholar

Robert, L. and Robert, J. (1955) Hellenica X. LimogesGoogle Scholar

Robert, L. (1937) Études anatoliennes: Recherches sur les inscriptions grecques de l'Asie Mineure (Études Orientales 5). ParisGoogle Scholar

Robert, L. (1940) ‘Inscriptions de Bithynie copiées par Georges Radet’, Revue des Études Anciennes 42CrossRef Google Scholar

Robert, L. (1969–90) Opera Minora Selecta, 7 vols. AmsterdamGoogle Scholar

Robert, L. (1972–83) Index du Bulletin Épigraphique, 5 vols. LyonGoogle Scholar

Roll, I. (1989) ‘A Latin imperial inscription from the time of Diocletian found at Yotvata’, Israel Exploration Journal 39Google Scholar

Rostovtzeff, M. (1902) Geschichte des Staatspacht in der römische Kaiserzeit bis Diokletian (Philologus Supplementband IX/3). Leipzig (repr. in series Studia Historica 91; Rome, 1971)Google Scholar

Rostovtzeff, M. (1917–18) ‘Pontus, Bithynia and the Bosporus’, Annual of the British School at Athens 22Google Scholar

Rousseau, P. (1999) Pachomius: The Making of a Community in Fourth-Century Egypt (The Transformation of the Classical Heritage 6) rev. edn. Berkeley (1st edn. 1985)Google Scholar

Rowlandson, J. L. (1996) Landowners and Tenants in Roman Egypt: The Social Relations of Agriculture in the Oxyrhynchite Nome. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Roxan, M. (1976) ‘The pre-Severan auxilia named in the Notitia Dignitatum’, in Goodburn, and Bartholomew, , Notitia DignitatumGoogle Scholar

L35 Romula-Durostorum-Tomis. Russu, I. I. (ed.). Bucharest, 1969Google Scholar

Salama, P. (1951) Les voies romaines de l'Afrique du Nord. AlgiersGoogle Scholar

Salama, P. (1953) ‘Nouveaux témoignages de l'œuvre des Sévères dans la Maurétanie Césarienne: part 1’, Libyca 1Google Scholar

Salama, P. (1955) ‘Nouveaux témoignages de l'œuvre des Sévères dans la Maurétanie Césarienne: part 2’, Libyca 3Google Scholar

Saria, B. (1954) ‘Praevalitana’, Pauly-Wissowa, , Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenchaft XXIIGoogle Scholar

Sarnowski, T. (1987) ‘Das römische Heer im Norden des Schwarzen Meeres’, Archaeologia (Warsaw) 38Google Scholar

K34 Naissus-Serdica-Thessalonike. Sasel, J. (ed.). Ljubljana, 1976Google Scholar

Scardigli, B. (1976) ‘Die gotisch-römischen Beziehungen im 3. und 4. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Ein Forschungsbericht 1950–1970. I.Das 3. Jahrhundert’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.4Google Scholar

Scardigli, B. (1976) ‘Die gotisch-römischen Beziehungen im 3. und 4. Jahrhundert n. Chr. in Forschungsbericht 1950–1970. I. Das 3. Jahrhundert’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 11.5.1Google Scholar

Schönberger, H. (1969) ‘The Roman frontier in Germany: an archaeological survey’, Journal of Roman Studies 59CrossRef Google Scholar

Schönberger, H. (1985) ‘Die römischen Truppenlager der frühen und mittleren Kaiserzeit zwischen Nordsee und Inn’, Bericht der römisch-germanischen Kommission 66Google Scholar

Schubert, P. (1997) ‘Antinoopolis, pragmatisme ou passion?’, Chronique d' Égypte 72Google Scholar

Schulte, C. (1994) Die Grammateis von Ephesos: Schreiberamt und Sozialstruktur in einer Provinzhauptstadt des römischen Kaiserreiches (Heidelberger althistorische Beiträge und epigraphische Studien 15). StuttgartGoogle Scholar

Scorpan, C. (1980) Limes Scythiae: Topographical and Stratigraphical Research on the Late Roman Fortifications on the Lower Danube (BAR Int. Ser. 88). OxfordCrossRef Google Scholar

Seeck, O. (1901) Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt, vol. II. Orig. edn. BerlinGoogle Scholar

Seston, W. (1943) ‘Notes critiques sur l'histoire Auguste’, Revue des Études Anciennes 45 (repr. in Scripta Varia (CEFR 43; Paris, 1980))CrossRef Google Scholar

Seston, W. (1962) ‘Digne et la fin de l'autonomie municipale en Occident’, Revue des Études Anciennes 64 (repr. in Scripta Varia (CEFR 43; Paris, 1980))CrossRef Google Scholar

Seston, W. (1966) ‘Marius Maximus et la date de la Constitutio Antoniniana’, in Mélanges d'archéologie, d'épigraphie et d'histoire offerts à Jérôme Carcopino (Paris) (repr. in Scripta Varia (CEFR 43; Paris, 1980))Google Scholar

Sijpesteijn, P. J. (1992) ‘The meanings of ἤτοι in the papyri’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 90Google Scholar

Simon, D. (1964) Studien zur Praxis der Stipulationsklausel (Münch. Beitr. 48). MunichGoogle Scholar

Sirks, A. J. B. (1989) ‘Munera publica and exemptions (vacatio, excusatio and immunitas)’, Studies in Roman Law and Legal History in Honour of Ramon D'Abadal I de Vinyals, Annals of the Archive of “Ferran Valls I Taberner's Library” 6 (Barcelona)Google Scholar

Sirks, A. J. B. (1993). ‘Did the late Roman government try to tie people to their profession or status?’, Tyche 8Google Scholar

Smith, M. (1998). ‘Coptic literature, 337–425’, in Cambridge Ancient History XIIIGoogle Scholar

Soproni, S. (1978). Der spätrömische Limes zwischen Esztergom und Szentendre: das Verteidigungssystem der Provinz Valeria im 4. Jahrhundert. BudapestGoogle Scholar

L34 Aquincum-Sarmizegetusa-Sirmium. Soproni, S. (ed.). Budapest, 1968Google Scholar

Sotgiu, G. (1975a). ‘Treboniano Gallo, Ostiliano, Volusiano, Aemiliano’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.2Google Scholar

Sotgiu, G. (1975b). ‘Aureliano (1960–1972)’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.2Google Scholar

Spagnuolo Vigorita, T. (1978a) Secta temporum meorum: Rinnovamento politico e legislazione fiscale agli inizi del principato di Gordiano III (Kleio 3). PalermoGoogle Scholar

Spagnuolo Vigorita, T. (1978b). ‘Bona caduca e giurisdizione procuratoria agli inizi del terzo secolo d.c.’, Labeo 24Google Scholar

Spagnuolo Vigorita, T. (1984). Exsecranda pernicies: Delatori e fisco nell'etá di Costantino (Pubblicazioni della Facoltà Giuridica dell'Università di Napoli 213). NaplesGoogle Scholar

Speidel, M. P. (1974). ‘Stablesiana: the raising of new cavalry units during the crisis of the Roman empire’;, Chiron 4Google Scholar

Speidel, M. P. (1978). ‘The Roman army in Arabia’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.8 (repr. in Speidel, M. P., Roman Army Studies 1 (Mavors Roman Army Researches 1; Amsterdam, 1984))Google Scholar

Speidel, M. P. (1984) Roman Army Studies 1 (Mavors Roman Army Researches 1). AmsterdamGoogle Scholar

Speidel, M. P. (1984). ‘The road to Viminacium’, Arheoloski Vestnik 35 (repr. in Speidel, M. P., Roman Army Studies 2 (Mavors Roman Army Researches 8; Stuttgart, 1992))Google Scholar

Srejović, D., Tomović, M. and Vasić, C. (1996). ‘Šarkamen tetrarchial imperial palace’, Starinar 47Google Scholar

Srejović, D. (ed.) (1993). Roman Imperial Towns and Palaces in Serbia. BelgradeGoogle Scholar

Starr, C. G. (1960). The Roman Imperial Navy, 2nd edn. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Ste Croix, G. E. M. (1981) The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World. LondonGoogle Scholar

Stickler, T. (1995). ‘Iuthungi sive Semnones. Zur Rolle der Juthungen bei der römisch-germanischen Auseinandersetzung am Raetischen Limes in der Zeit zwischen Gallienus und Aurelian’, Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblatter 60Google Scholar

Talbert, R. (ed.) (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. PrincetonGoogle Scholar

Taubenschlag, R. (1955). The Law of Graeco-Roman Egypt in the Light of the Papyri, 2nd edn. WarsawGoogle Scholar

Thomas, J. D. and Clarysse, W. (1977). ‘A projected visit of Severus Alexander to Egypt’, Ancient Society 8Google Scholar

Thomas, J. D. (1959). ‘The office of exactor in Egypt’, Chronique d' Égypte 34Google Scholar

Thomas, J. D. (1960). ‘The strategus in fourth-century Egypt’, Chronique d' Égypte 35Google Scholar

Thomas, J. D. (1974). ‘The disappearance of the dekaprotoi in Egypt’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 11Google Scholar

Thomas, J. D. (1975a). ‘A petition to the prefect of Egypt and related imperial edicts’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 61CrossRef Google Scholar

Thomas, J. D. (1975b). ‘The introduction of dekaprotoi and comarchs into Egypt in the third century a.d.’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 19Google Scholar

Thomas, J. D. (1976). ‘The date of the revolt of L. Domitius Domitianus’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 22Google Scholar

Thomas, J. D. (1977) ‘A family dispute from Karanis and the revolt of Domitius Domitianus’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 24Google Scholar

Thomas, J. D. (1977). ‘A family dispute from Karanis and the revolt of Domitius Domitianus’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 4Google Scholar

Thomas, J. D. (1978). ‘Epigraphai and indictions in the reign of Diocletian’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 15Google Scholar

Thomas, J. D. (1982). The Epistrategos in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt: II The Roman Epistrategos (Papyrologica Coloniensia 6). OpladenGoogle Scholar

Thomas, J. D. (1983). ‘Compulsory public service in Roman Egypt’, in Grimm, G., Heinen, H. and Winter, E. (eds.), Das römisch-byzantinische Ägypten, Akten des internationalen Symposions 26–30 September 1978 in Trier (Aegyptiaca Treverensia 2) (Mainz)Google Scholar

Thomas, J. D. (1984). ‘Sabinianus, praeses of Aegyptus Mercuriana?’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 21Google Scholar

Thomas, J. D. (1985). ‘The earliest occurrence of the exactor civitatis in Egypt (P. Giss. inv. 126 recto)’, in Yale Classical Studies 28Google Scholar

Thomas, Y. (1996). L'origine de la commune patrie: Étude de droit public romain (89 av. J.-C.–212 ap. J.-C.) (CEFR 221). ParisGoogle Scholar

Thomasson, B. E. (1960). Die Statthalter der römischen Provinzen Nordafrikas von Augustus bis Diocletianus, 2 vols. LundGoogle Scholar

Thomasson, B. E. (1982). ‘Zur Verwaltungsgeschichte der römischen Provinzen Nordafrikas (Proconsularis, Numidia, Mauretaniae)’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.10.2Google Scholar

Thomasson, B. E. (1984). Laterculi Praesidum, Vol. 1. GothenburgGoogle Scholar

H/I Iudaea–Palaestina. Tsafrir, Y., Di Segni, L. and Green, J. (eds.). Jerusalem, 1994Google Scholar

Tudor, D. (1968). Orase, tîrguri si sate în Dacia Romana. BucharestGoogle Scholar

Tudor, D. (1974) ‘Nouvelles recherches archéologiques sur le limes Alutanus et le limes Transalutanus’, in Actes du IXe congrès international d'études sur les frontières romaines. (Bucharest, Cologne and Vienna)Google Scholar

Tudor, D. (1974). Les ponts romains du Bas-Danube (Bibliotheca Historica Romaniae, Études 51). BucharestGoogle Scholar

K35/35, L34/35 Drobeta-Romula-Sucidava. Tudor, D. (ed.). Bucharest, 1965Google Scholar

Turner, E. G. (1975). ‘Oxyrhynchus and Rome’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 79CrossRef Google Scholar

Turner, E. G. (1980). Greek Papyri: An Introduction, 2nd edn. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Van Rengen, W. (1971). ‘Les jeux de Panopolis’, Chronique d' Égypte 46Google Scholar

Velkov, V. (1977). Cities in Thrace and Dacia in Late Antiquity. AmsterdamGoogle Scholar

Vetters, H. (1950). Dacia Ripensis (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Balkankommission, Antiquarische Abteilung, Schriften 11/1). ViennaGoogle Scholar

Visy, Z. (1988). Der pannonische Limes in Ungarn. BudapestGoogle Scholar

Vittinghoff, F. (1958). ‘Zur Verfassung der spätantiken “Stadt”’, Studien zu den Anfängen des europäischen Städtewesens (Vorträge und Forschungen 4) (Lindau and Constance)Google Scholar

Vittinghoff, F. (ed.) (1982). Stadt und Herrschaft: Römische Kaiserzeit und hohes Mittelalter (Historische Zeitschrift Beiheft n.s. 7). MunichGoogle Scholar

Volterra, E. (1974). ‘I diritti locali nelle province romane con particolare riguardo alle condizioni giuridiche del suolo’, in Atti del Convegno internazionale sul tema i diritti locali nelle province romane con particolare riguardo alle condizioni giuridiche del suolo (Roma, 26–28 ottobre 1971) (Problemi attuali di scienza e di cultura quaderno 194) (Rome) (repr. in Scritti Giuridici 5 (Antiqua 65; Naples, 1993))Google Scholar

Vulpe, R. (1974). ‘Les valla de la Valachie, de la Basse-Moldavie et du Boudjak’, Limes Congress IXGoogle Scholar

Wacher, J. (ed.) (1987). The Roman World, 2 vols. London and New YorkGoogle Scholar

Wagner, J. (1983) ‘Provincia Osrhoenae: new archaeological finds illustrating the military organization under the Severan dynasty’, in Mitchell, , AFRBAGoogle Scholar

Wagner, J. (1983). ‘Provincia Osrhoenae: new archaeological finds illustrating the military organisation under the Severan Dynasty’, in Mitchell, , AFRBAGoogle Scholar

Wallace, S. L. (1938). Taxation in Roman Egypt from Augustus to Diocletian (Princeton University Studies in Papyrology 2). PrincetonCrossRef Google Scholar

Walser, G. (1967). Die römischen Strassen in der Schweiz. 1: Teil Die Meilensteine (Itinera Romana 1). BernGoogle Scholar

Walser, G. and Pekáry, T. (1962) Die Krise des römischen Reiches: Bericht über die Forschungen zur Geschichte des 3. Jahrhunderts (193–284 n. Chr.) von 1939 bis 1959. BerlinCrossRef Google Scholar

Walser, G. and Pekáry, T. (1962). Die Krise des römischen Reiches: Berichte über die Forschungen zur Geschichte des 3. Jahrhunderts (193–284 n. Chr.) von 1939 bis 1959. BerlinCrossRef Google Scholar

Walser, G. (1975). ‘Die Severer in der Forschung 1960–1972’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.2Google Scholar

Wells, C. M. (1996). ‘Profuit invitis te dominante capi: social and economic considerations on the Roman frontiers’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 9Google Scholar

West, L. C. and Johnson, A. C. (1944). Currency in Roman and Byzantine Egypt (Princeton University Studies in Papyrology 5). Princeton (repr. Amsterdam, 1967)Google Scholar

Whitehorne, J. E. G. (1988). ‘Recent research on the strategi of Roman Egypt (to 1985)’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.10.1Google Scholar

Wickert, L. (1979). ‘Entstehung und Entwicklung des römischen Herrscherideals’, in Kloft, H. (ed.), Ideologie und Herrschaft in der Antike (Wege der Forschung 528) (Darmstadt)Google Scholar

Wightman, E. M. (1970). Roman Trier and the Treviri. LondonGoogle Scholar

Wightman, E. M. (1985). Gallia Belgica. LondonGoogle Scholar

Wilcken, U. (1899). Griechische Ostraka aus Ägypten und Nubien, 2 vols. Leipzig and BerlinGoogle Scholar

Wilkes, J. J. (1977). ‘The Saxon Shore – British anonymity in the Roman empire’, in Johnston, (1977)Google Scholar

Wilkes, J. J. (1989a). ‘The Roman frontier in Noricum’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 2Google Scholar

Wilkes, J. J. (1989b). ‘Civil defence in third-century Achaia’, in Walker, S. and Cameron, A. (eds.), The Greek Renaissance in the Roman Empire (BICS Suppl. 55) (London)Google Scholar

Wilkes, J. J. (1993) Diocletian's Palace, Split: Residence of a Retired Roman Emperor (Occasional Publications (Ian Sanders Memorial Fund) 1), 2nd edn. Sheffield (1st edn 1986)Google Scholar

Wilkes, J. J. (1996). ‘The Danubian and Balkan provinces’, Cambridge Ancient History X 2CrossRef Google Scholar

Wilkes, J. J. (1998). ‘Recent work along the Middle and Lower Danube’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 11 (review of Petrović (1996).)Google Scholar

Wilkes, J. J. (2000). ‘The Danube provinces’, Cambridge Ancient History XI 2CrossRef Google Scholar

Winkler, J. (1980). ‘Lollianus and the desperadoes’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 100CrossRef Google Scholar

Wolff, H.- J. (1976). ‘Le droit provincial dans la province romaine d'Arabie’, RIDA3 23Google Scholar

Wolff, H.- J. (1980). ‘Römisches Provinzialrecht in der Provinz Arabia (Rechtspolitik als Instrument der Beherrschung)’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.13Google Scholar

Worp, K. A. (1989). ‘Kaisertitulaturen in Papyri aus dem Zeitalter Diokletians’, Tyche 4Google Scholar

Zahariade, M. and Gudea, N. (1997). The Fortifications of Lower Moesia (AD 86–275). AmsterdamGoogle Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.