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12 - Migration in human history

from Part I - Historiography, method, and themes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2015

David Christian
Affiliation:
Macquarie University, Sydney
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Summary

The field of demography provides the basic tools for analyzing the data on birth, death, and migration to give a fuller picture of changes in human population. The basic patterns of human migration have doubtless changed somewhat over the years, but the underlying logic of human migration is remarkably consistent. The early days of human history brought two big changes in migratory patterns that have been with us ever since. In very early human migrations, the principal movements were to territories ecologically similar to the grasslands and waterways of eastern Africa. It is appropriate to affirm a more general appreciation of human technological and social innovation over a somewhat longer era: the Glacial Maximum and the Holocene combined to bring the era of production. Within just over the past millennium, four patterns of migration developed further importance: pastoral, maritime, forced migration, and urbanization. The emergence of capitalism became evident wherever commerce was intensive.

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