The context of natural resource governance is often of uncertainty and change, even more so as the effects of climate change become ever more experienced. Adaptive governance and adaptive co-management have emerged as responses to the need to cope with and adapt to new information and changing situations. The chapter reviews what is understood by these terms and approaches, and identifies key characteristics and related concepts, such as resilience and uncertainty. The centrality of knowledge for adaptive approaches is recognised, with the role of, and challenges to, community, or participatory, monitoring and use of local and traditional knowledge in co-management reviewed. Forms of social, or collective, learning are then identified, recognising that social learning may occur through experimental approaches or deliberation and that feedback from learning is essential for adaptive governance.