Chapter 11, Contemporary Debates among Psychologists, covers some issues that are currently being debated in psychology. One message of the chapter is that psychologists should debate foundational issues – debates are necessary in a scholarly endeavor. The first section describes methodological circles: When a research method has built in assumptions about that which is studied, and therefore always produces data that confirm these assumptions. We then discuss the logical problems of research that uses group averages as a basis for formulating theories about individuals. Then we look into the uses of “variables” in psychology, and discuss problems accompanying some of these uses. The widespread practice of statistical significance testing is the next issue we discuss. It has been increasingly criticized over several decades but has remained in place. We end by discussing two ways of understanding and using the concept “concept” in psychology and recommend one of these ways.