from Part III - Expanding Evidence
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 October 2026
Evidence rules purport to be transubstantive. Therefore, they should apply equally and predictably to all cases, both civil and criminal, irrespective of the nature of the charge or claim, the identity of the parties, or the severity of the harm the defendant has allegedly caused. Yet, those who interact with how evidence rules are actually applied – whether in the courtroom or the academy – know this to be false. Sometimes this uneven or inconsistent application results from a judge’s mistake about the evidence rules. But other times, judges misapply the rules to admit evidence that the rules technically preclude, but that the judge determines is “in some way essential to the case.” In other words, they bend the evidence rules.
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