This volume offers the first collection of Critical Evidence scholarship. By using the moniker, “Critical Evidence,” we mean to denote a school of thought that is quite broad but shares certain features. First, Critical Evidence scholars maintain that social conditions matter to what an ideal system of evidence will look like. The quality, depth, and breadth of knowledge inputs affect the quality of the knowledge produced through the application of rules in an adjudicative process. Critical Evidence thus questions one fundamental assumption of the rationalist tradition in evidence, namely, that the system generally achieves “rectitude of decision through correct application of valid substantive laws” and “rational weighing of evidence” by an “impartial decisionmaker.”