Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 May 2026
Throughout the period, baptism generated problems of interpretation in which dogma and discipline were intertwined. An essentially disciplinary question concerned the application of the Council of Vienne’s ruling that baptisms should not be conducted in private residences, except in the case of ‘princes’. But who counted as a ‘prince’? After the Reformation a more fundamental issue arose: was Calvinist baptism valid? The Congregation of the Council decided that it was. A troubled Capuchin, however, remained unconvinced and pressed the Inquisition, after prolonged discussion and investigation at the highest level, to permit his re-baptism and re-ordination. The Inquisition did not question the validity of Calvinist baptism as such, but an additional issue emerged: had he in fact been baptised in rosewater?
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