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6 - Deleuze and the First ‘Ethics’

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2026

D. J. S. Cross
Affiliation:
State University of New York at Buffalo
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Summary

If, however, you still ask what can move you to perform the act I call virtuous rather than the other, I reply that I cannot know what way, of the infinitely many there are, God uses to determine you to such works.

Spinoza, Letter to Willem van Blijenbergh 13 March 1665 (I:389–90)

Although in What Is Philosophy? Deleuze sets out to clarify why, for him, Spinoza is the prince of philosophers, What Is Philosophy? isn't his final word on Spinoza. Here in Chapter 6, however, I conclude with ‘Spinoza and the Three “Ethics”’, the last text of his last book, not simply for the sake of exhaustion, a principle to which I neither have claimed nor could. The culminating text is indispensable here, rather, because it hardens the paradox structuring the latter part of this book: the most philosophical philosopher, Spinoza, is also the least and even not philosophical at all. Ostensibly, in Deleuze's earlier accounts, nothing in principle prevents Spinoza from holding both titles. On the contrary, the disciplinary difference between the philosophical ‘concept’ and the non-philosophical ‘affect’ would seem to displace any conflict before it could arise. Both, moreover, presuppose the immanence that, for Deleuze and Guattari, Spinoza alone achieves. In ‘Spinoza and the Three “Ethics”’, however, affect and concept do indeed conflict, although ‘conflict’ is only part of the story. As the first ‘Ethics’, affect both grounds and hobbles the progress of Spinoza's system toward its philosophical achievement in the third. Which isn't to say Deleuze is wrong. On the contrary, one could perhaps say of Deleuze with respect to the paradox of Spinoza what Bataille says of Hegel with respect to sacrifice: he didn't know how right he was (Bataille, OEuvres XII:32).

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