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Appendix: - Conversation Analysis Conventions Used for Data Transcription

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 October 2026

David Skidmore
Affiliation:
University of Bath
Kyoko Murakami
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen
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Summary

[ ]           overlapping utterances

=           latched utterances

(.)           micropause

(0.8)           measured pause (seconds)

gra::dually           lengthening, according to duration

th-           abrupt cut-off of speech sound

house           accentual emphasis

°they°           quieter speech

↑           rising intonation

↓           falling intonation

< >           slower speech

> <           faster speech

(.hhh)           audible in-breath

[...]           omitted speech

(there)           doubtful transcription

((coughs))           description of action

YE:EH           capital letters: especially loud speech

?           rising inflection

.           A full stop indicates a stopping fall in tone. It does not necessarily indicate the end of a sentence.

Source: Maxwell Atkinson and Heritage (1984).

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