Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 October 2026
[ ] overlapping utterances
= latched utterances
(.) micropause
(0.8) measured pause (seconds)
gra::dually lengthening, according to duration
th- abrupt cut-off of speech sound
house accentual emphasis
°they° quieter speech
↑ rising intonation
↓ falling intonation
< > slower speech
> < faster speech
(.hhh) audible in-breath
[...] omitted speech
(there) doubtful transcription
((coughs)) description of action
YE:EH capital letters: especially loud speech
? rising inflection
. A full stop indicates a stopping fall in tone. It does not necessarily indicate the end of a sentence.
Source: Maxwell Atkinson and Heritage (1984).
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