Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7b7567c8c-2n9c9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-14T22:34:32.809Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Ecoviolence at Sea

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 February 2025

By
Matilda Petersson and
Sofia Käll
Edited by
Peter Stoett and
Delon Omrow
Peter Stoett
Affiliation:
Ontario Tech University
Delon Omrow
Affiliation:
Ontario Tech University
Get access

Summary

Global fisheries have been described as being in a state of crisis, characterized by declining global catches, overfishing and collapse of important fish stocks. Following this, the policy debates have been centered around the concept of “sustainable fisheries.” Initially, this debate focused on how to ensure sustainable fisheries from an environmental perspective and how to overcome existing problems with overfishing, while at the same time, ensuring profitability, jobs, livelihood opportunities as well as responding to the increasing concerns over illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing practices. This chapter provides a systematic review of the emerging literature on labor-related problems in the fishing sector, and provides a detailed account of the main steps taken in recent years by one select private governance approach, the community of practice surrounding FIPs, to more effectively address the violence behind labor-related concerns.

Keywords

illegalunregulated and unreported (IUU) fishingsustainable fisheriesoverfishingforced labormodern slavery

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Ecoviolence Studies
Human Exploitation and Environmental Crime
 , pp. 56 - 85
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Agnew, D. J., Pearce, J. Pramod, G., et al. (2009). Estimating the worldwide extent of illegal fishing. PLoS ONE, 4(2), e4570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Auld, G. (2014). Constructing Private Governance: The Rise and Evolution of Forest, Coffee, and Fisheries Certification. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Azis, A. & Wahyudi, R. (2020). Imperfect victims and an imperfect protocol: Reflecting on the trafficking experiences of Indonesian migrant fishermen, Journal of Human Trafficking, 6(2), 156–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barclay, K. & Miller, A. (2018). The sustainable seafood movement is a governance concert, with the audience playing a key role. Sustainability, 10(1): 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker-Weinberg, V. (2021). Time to get serious about combating forced labour and human trafficking in fisheries, International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 36(1), 88–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beseng, M. (2019). Cameroon’s choppy waters: the anatomy of fisheries crime in the maritime fisheries sector, Marine Policy, 108, 103669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blasiak, R., Hsiang-Wen Huang, J. Ishihara, H., et al. (2017). Promoting diversity and inclusiveness in seafood certification and ecolabelling: Prospects for Asia. Marine Policy, 85(8), 42–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolotta, G. (2021). ‘Invisible Worldings’: image and reality in the Thai seafood industry’s humanitarian engagements, European Journal of East Asian Studies, 21(2), 171–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bush, S & Oosterveer, P. (2019). Governing Sustainable Seafood. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannon, J., Sousa., P., Katara, I., et al. (2018). Fishery improvement projects: Performance over the past decade. Marine Policy, 97: 179–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CEA. (2020). 2020 Global Landscape Review of Fishery Improvement Projects. https://oursharedseas.com/oss_downloads/2020-global-landscape-review-of-fishery-improvement-projects. Accessed July 12, 2023.Google Scholar
Chantavanich, S., Laodumrongchai, S. & Stringer, C. (2016). Under the shadow: forced labour among sea fishers in Thailand, Marine Policy, 68, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapsos, I. & Hamilton, S. (2019). Illegal fishing and fisheries crime as a transnational organized crime in Indonesia. Trends in Organized Crime, 22(3), 255–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choukroune, L. & Nedumpara, J. J. (2022). Blue trade and forced labour: breaking the resounding silence of international economic law. Journal of World Investment and Trade, 23(1), 95–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, T. P. & Longo, S. B. (2022). Global labor value chains, commodification, and the socioecological structure of severe exploitation. A case study of the Thai seafood sector. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 49(3), 652–676. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2021.1890041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conservation Alliance. (2021a). Conservation Alliance for Seafood Solutions Common Vision for Sustainable Seafood. https://solutionsforseafood.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/A-Common-Vision-for-Sustainable-Seafood-01-21.pdf. Accessed July 10, 2023.Google Scholar
Conservation Alliance. (2021b). Guidelines for Supporting Fishery Improvement Projects. https://fisheryprogress.org/sites/default/files/FIP-Guidelines-January-2021.pdf. Accessed July 10, 2023.Google Scholar
Conservation International. (2019). Public Statement from Human Rights and Environmental Organizations: MSC’s Revised Chain of Custody Certification Fails to Adequately Address Forced Labor and Child Labor in Seafood Supply Chains. https://laborrights.org/publications/public-statement-mscs-revised-chain-custody-certification. Accessed July 10, 2023.Google Scholar
Crona, B., Käll, S. & Van Holt, T. (2019). Fishery improvement projects as a governance tool for fisheries sustainability: a global comparative analysis. PLOS ONE, 14(10), e0223054.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Decker Sparks, J. L. & Hasche, L. K. (2019). Complex linkages between forced labor slavery and environmental decline in marine fisheries, Journal of Human Rights, 18(2), 230–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker Sparks, J. L., Matthews, L., Cárdenas, D. & Williams, C. (2022). Worker-less social responsibility: How the proliferation of voluntary labour governance tools in seafood marginalise the workers they claim to protect. Marine Policy, 139, 105044.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derks, A. (2010). Migrant labour and the politics of immobilisation: Cambodian fishermen in Thailand. Asian Journal of Social Science, 38(6), 915–932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Djohari, N. & White, C. (2022). How the socio-cultural practices of fishing obscure micro-disciplinary, verbal, and psychological abuse of migrant fishers in North East Scotland. Maritime Studies, 21(1), 19–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doubek, P. (2022). Deprivation of liberty on distant water fishing fleets: a new impetus for the OPCAT monitoring? Australian Journal of Human Rights, 28(1), 56–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drury O’Neill, E. & Crona, B. (2017). Assistance networks in seafood trade – A means to assess benefit distribution in small-scale fisheries. Marine Policy, 78, 196–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF). (2013). Sold to the Sea – Human Trafficking in Thailand’s Fishing Industry. https://ejfoundation.org/resources/downloads/Sold_to_the_Sea_report_lo-res-v2.compressed-2.compressed.pdf. Accessed June, 10, 2023.Google Scholar
Ewell, C. Cullis-Suzuki, S., Ediger, M., et al. (2017). Potential ecological and social benefits of a moratorium on transshipment on the high seas. Marine Policy, 81, 293–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falkner, R. (2003). Private environmental governance and international relations: exploring the links. Global Environmental Politics, 3(2), 72–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrol-Schulte, D. Ferse, S. C. A. & Glaser, M. (2014). Patron–client relationships, livelihoods and natural resource management in tropical coastal communities. Ocean & Coastal Management, 100, 63–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FIP-DB v2022. Fishery Improvement Projects Database – Sustainable Fisheries UFW 2022. https://sustainablefisheries-uw.org/databases/fishery-improvement-projects-database. Accessed June 10, 2023.Google Scholar
Fischman, K. (2017). Adrift in the sea: The impact of the business supply chain transparency on trafficking and slavery act of 2015 on forced labor in the Thai fishing industry, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 24(1), 227–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisheryprogress, . (2022). Summary of Changes to the FisheryProgress Human Rights and Social Responsibility Policy Sept. 22, 2022. https://fisheryprogress.org/sites/default/files/FisheryProgress_Summary_of_Social_Policy_Changes_09-22.pdf. Accessed June 10, 2023.Google Scholar
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2002). Implementation of the International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Rome: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.Google Scholar
Garcia Lozano, A. J., Decker Sparks, J. L., Durgana, D. P., et al. (2022). Decent work in fisheries: Current trends and key considerations for future research and policy. Marine Policy, 136, 104922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodal, K., Kelly, C. & Lawrence, F. (2014). Revealed: Asian slave labour producing prawns for supermarkets in US, UK. Guardian, June 10, 2014.Google Scholar
Hogan, S. & Ish, T. (2021). Addressing human rights and conservation in global fisheries. June 15 2021. The David and Lucile Packard Foundation. www.packard.org/insights/perspectives/an-important-step-toward-addressing-human-rights-and-conservation-in-global-fisheries. Accessed July 12, 2023Google Scholar
Human Rights at Sea. (2020). Fisheries Observer Deaths at Sea, Human Rights & the Role & Responsibilities of Fisheries Organisations. https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/fisheries-observer-deaths-sea-human-rights-and-role-and-responsibilities-fisheries-organisations. Accessed July 12, 2023.Google Scholar
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2013). Caught at sea: forced labour and trafficking in fisheries, International Labour Office, Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour, Geneva.Google Scholar
International Labour Organization (ILO). (1930). Forced Labour Convention, C29, 28 June 1930, C29. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C029 . Accessed July 12, 2023.Google Scholar
Kadfak, A. & Linke, S. (2021). Labour implications of the EU’s illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) policy in Thailand. Marine Policy, 127, 104445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadfak, A. & Widengård, M. (2022). From fish to fishworker: traceability in Thai fisheries reform. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 6(2), 1322–1342.Google Scholar
Käll, S. (2022). Reeling in Private Governance Approaches for Sustainable Fisheries: A Study of Fishery Improvement Projects. Doctoral Thesis in Sustainability Science at Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Kartikasari, A., Stringer, C. & Henderson, G. (2022). Co-creating changes to achieve decent work conditions in the New Zealand fishing industry. Global Social Policy, 22(2), 281–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kittinger, J. N., Teh, L. C. L., Allison, E. H., et al. (2017). Committing to socially responsible seafood: Ocean science must evolve to meet social challenges in the seafood sector. Science, 356(6341), 912–913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kojima, C. (2021). Modern slavery and the law of the sea proposal for a functional approach. The Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law, 9(1), 4–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Gallic, B. & Cox, A. (2006). An economic analysis of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing: key drivers and possible solutions. Marine Policy, 30(6), 689–695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
League of Nations. (1926). Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery, 25 September 1926, 60 LNTS 253, Registered No. 1414. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36fb.html. Accessed September 26, 2023.Google Scholar
Lemos, M. C., & Agrawal, A. (2006). Environmental governance. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 31(1), 297–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longo, C. S. Buckley, L., Good, S. D., et al. (2021). A perspective on the role of eco-certification in eliminating illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 637228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lout, G. E. (2022). Human rights in a sea of market-based approaches: evaluation of market-based tools integrating social responsibility in the Sustainable Seafood Movement. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 35(2023), 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macfarlane, D. (2017). The slave trade and the right of visit under the law of the sea convention: exploitation in the fishing industry in New Zealand and Thailand. Asian Journal of International Law, 7(1), 94–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackay, M., Hardesty, B. D. & Wilcox, C. (2020). The intersection between illegal fishing, crimes at sea, and social well-being. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 589000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marschke, M. & Vandergeest, P. (2016). Slavery scandals: unpacking labour challenges and policy responses within the off-shore fisheries sector. Marine Policy, 68, 39–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marschke, M., Campbell, D. & Armitage, D. (2019). Precarious livelihoods: examining the intersection of fish work and ecological change in coastal Jamaica. People and Nature, 2(1), 152–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marschke, M., Andrachuk, M., Vandergeest, P. & McGovern, C. (2020). Assessing the role of information and communication technologies in responding to “slavery scandals”. Maritime Studies, 19(4), 419–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, G. G., Costello, C., Bone, J., et al. (2021). Satellites can reveal global extent of forced labor in the world’s fishing fleet. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(3), e2016238117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendoza, M., McDowell, R., Mason, M. & Htusan, E. (2016). Fishermen slaves: Human trafficking and the Seafood We Eat. Associated Press.Google Scholar
Mileski, J. P., Galvao, C. B. & Forester, Z. D. (2020). Human trafficking in the commercial fishing industry: A multiple case study analysis. Marine Policy, 116, 103616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molland, S. (2019). What happened to sex trafficking? The new moral panic of men, boys and fish in the Mekong Region. Sojourn, 34(2), 397–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MSC. (2023). The MSC’s Collective Impact | Marine Stewardship Council, https://www.msc.org/what-we-are-doing/our-collective-impact. Accessed September 26, 2022.Google Scholar
Murphy, C. (2017). Tackling vulnerability to labour exploitation through regulation: the case of migrant fishermen in Ireland. Industrial Law Journal, 46(3), 417–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mussells, C. & Stephenson, R. L. (2020). A comparison of sustainability objectives: how well does the Canadian Fisheries Research Network Framework compare with Fisheries, Forestry, and Aquaculture Certification Schemes? Ecology and Society, 25(1), 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, R. & Worm, B. (2003). Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature, 423, 280–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakamura, K., Bishop, L., Ward, T., et al. (2018). Seeing slavery in seafood supply chains, Science Advances, 4(7), e1701833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
OECD. (2005). Why Fish Piracy Persists: The Economics of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.Google Scholar
Österblom, H. & Bodin, Ö. (2012). Global cooperation among diverse organizations to reduce illegal fishing in the Southern Ocean. Conservation Biology, 26(4), 638–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pauly, D., Christensen, V., Guénette, S., et al. (2002). Towards sustainability in world fisheries. Nature, 418, 689–695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pérez-Ramírez, M., Castrejón, M., Gutiérrez, N. L. & Defeo, O. (2016). The Marine Stewardship Council certification in Latin America and the Caribbean: a review of experiences, potentials and pitfalls. Fisheries Research, 182, 50–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponte, S. (2012). The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and the Making of a Market for ‘Sustainable Fish. Journal of Agrarian Change, 12(2/3), 300–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratner, B. D., Åsgård, B. & Allison, E. H. (2014). Fishing for justice: Human rights, development, and fisheries sector reform. Global Environmental Change, 27(1), 120–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridings, P. J. (2021). Labour standards on fishing vessels: a problem in search of a home? Melbourne Journal of International Law, 22(2), 308–331.Google Scholar
Roheim, C, Bush, S. R., Asche, F., et al. (2018). Evolution and future of the sustainable seafood market. Nature Sustainability 1(8), 392–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strategic, Ross. (2020). Global Seafood Markets Strategy Evaluation Final Report. https://oursharedseas.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Global-Seafood-Markets-Strategy-Evaluation-Final-Report.pdf. Accessed July 12, 2023.Google Scholar
Selig, E. R. Nakayama, S., Wabnitz, C. C. C., et al. (2022). Revealing global risks of labor abuse and illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing. Nature Communications, 13(1), 1612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simmons, G. & Stringer, C. (2014). New Zealand’s fisheries management system: Forced labour an ignored or overlooked dimension? Marine Policy, 50, 74–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoett, P. & Omrow, D. A. (2021). Spheres of Transnational Ecoviolence – Environmental Crime, Human Security, and Justice. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stringer, C. & Harré, T. (2019). Human trafficking as a fisheries crime? An application of the concept to the New Zealand context. Marine Policy, 105, 169–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stringer, C., Burmester, B. & Michailova, S. (2022). Modern slavery and the governance of labor exploitation in the Thai fishing industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 371 (15), 133645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stringer, C., Hughes, S., Whittaker, D. H., Haworth, N. & Simmons, G. (2016). Labour standards and regulation in global value chains: the case of the New Zealand Fishing Industry. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 48(10), 1910–1927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stringer, C., Kartikasari, A. & Michailova, S. (2021). “They make a business out of desperate people”: the role of recruitment agents in cross-border labour chains. Australian Journal of Management, 46(4), 672–689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stringer, C., Simmons, G., Coulston, D., Whittaker, D. H. (2014). Not in New Zealand’s waters, surely? Linking labour issues to GPNs. Journal of Economic Geography, 14(4), 683–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stringer, C., Whittaker, D. H. & Simmons, G. (2016a). New Zealand’s turbulent waters: the use of forced labour in the fishing industry. Global Networks, 16(1), 3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sumaila, U. R., Alder, J. & Keith, H. (2006). Global scope and economics of illegal fishing. Marine Policy, 30(6), 696–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suton, M. & Wimpee, L.. (2008). Towards sustainable seafood: The evolution of a conservation movement. In Ward, T. & Phillips, B. (Eds.). Seafood Ecolabelling: Principles and Practice (pp. 403–415). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444301380.ch20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teh, L. C. L. Caddell, R., Allison, E. H., et al. (2019). The role of human rights in implementing socially responsible seafood. PLoS ONE, 14(1), e0210241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Telesetsky, A. (2021). Keeping UNCLOS relevant. The Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law, 9(1), 18–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tickler, D., Meeuwig, J. J., Bryant, K., et al. (2018). Modern slavery and the race to fish. Nature Communications, 9(1), 4643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tindall, C., Oloruntuyi, O., Lees, S., et al. (2022). Illuminating the mechanisms to mitigate forced and child labour risks within Marine Stewardship Council certified fisheries. Marine Policy, 143, 105140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2011). Transnational Organized Crime in the Fishing Industry. Focus on: Trafficking in Persons Smuggling of Migrants Illicit Drugs Trafficking. Vienna.Google Scholar
United Nations (UN). (2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015, 42809, 1–13.Google Scholar
United Nations (UN). (1956). Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, 7 September 1956.Google Scholar
United Nations (UN). (1982). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf. Accessed May 17, 2024.Google Scholar
Vandergeest, P. & Marschke, M. (2020). Modern slavery and freedom: exploring contradictions through labour scandals in the Thai fisheries. Antipode, 52(1), 291–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandergeest, P. & Marschke, M. (2021). Beyond slavery scandals: explaining working conditions among fish workers in Taiwan and Thailand. Marine Policy, 132, 104685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilhelm, M., Kadfak, A., Bhakoo, V. & Skattang, K. (2020). Private governance of human and labor rights in seafood supply chains – The case of the modern slavery crisis in Thailand. Marine Policy, 115, 103833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, C. & Decker Sparks, J. L. (2023). Fishery improvement projects: a voluntary, corporate “tool” not fit for the purpose of mitigating labour abuses and guaranteeing labour rights for workers. Marine Policy, 147, 105340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witbooi, E., Ali, K. D., Santosa, M. A., et al. (2020). Organized crime in the fisheries sector threatens a sustainable ocean economy. Nature, 588(7836), 48–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Worm, B., Hilborn, R., Baum, J. K., et al. (2009) Rebuilding Global Fisheries. Science 325(5940), 578‒585. doi: 10.1126/science.1173146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yea, S. & Stringer, C. (2021). Caught in a vicious cycle: connecting forced labour and environmental exploitation through a case study of Asia–Pacific. Marine Policy, 134, 104825.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yea, S., Stringer, C. & Palmer, W. (2023). Funnels of unfreedom: time-spaces of recruitment and (im)mobility in the trajectories of trafficked migrant fishers. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 113(1), 291–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yea, S., Stringer, C. & Rao, S. (2022). Restorative justice in cases of seafood slavery. Journal of Human Trafficking, doi: 10.1080/23322705.2022.2128597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yen, K.-W. & Liuhuang, L.-C. (2021). A review of migrant labour rights protection in distant water fishing in Taiwan: from laissez-faire to regulation and challenges behind. Marine Policy, 134, 104805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×