Pluricentricity and Codification in World English

doi:10.1017/9781108623469.008

8 - Pluricentricity and Codification in World English

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 September 2021

Edited by

Johannes Kabatek and

Danae Perez: Affiliation:
University of Zurich
Marianne Hundt: Affiliation:
University of Zurich
Johannes Kabatek: Affiliation:
University of Zurich
Daniel Schreier: Affiliation:
University of Zurich

Book contents

Get access

Summary

This chapter examines the relationship between English as a pluricentric language with multiple varieties and the instruments of codification that stabilize the variation within their individual lexica. It compares the different types of dictionaries published for settler Englishes (Australian, New Zealand, Canadian, US) with those published for indigenized Englishes (South Africa, India, Singapore, the Philippines), finding that the former have several types of dictionaries (historical and contemporary, with partial or comprehensive coverage of the lexicon), whereas the indigenized varieties have few with limited coverage of the varietal lexicon. Other codificatory instruments, e.g. style manuals, are found with settler varieties but not indigenized ones. The range of such instruments for settler varieties thus correlates with their advanced stage of evolution (beyond endonormativity). The research shows that only those dictionaries which are produced by regionally based lexicographers are indicators of endonormativity. Dictionaries compiled by foreign/international publishers are associated with varieties that have yet to attain their endonormativity.

Keywords

codification dictionaries English endonormativity IDG strand pluricentricity standardization STL strand

Information

Type: Chapter
Information: English and Spanish
World Languages in Interaction
, pp. 139 - 162

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108623469.008 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

www.amazon.com.au/V-Subhash-Dictionary-Indian-English/dp/B00QOOHE32 Online 14/iv/17Google Scholar

www.mysmu.edu/faculty/jacklee/ Online 8/iv/17Google Scholar

www.pluricentriclanguages.org/plc-languages Online 27/iii/17Google Scholar

www.pluricentriclanguages.org/pluricentricity/stages-of-pluricentricity Online 27/iii/17Google Scholar

www.pluricentriclanguages.org/pluricentricity/what-is-a-non-dominant-variety Online 27/iii/17Google Scholar

www.pluricentriclanguages.org/pluricentricity/what-is-a-pluricentric-language Online 27/iii/17Google Scholar

www.singlishdictionary.com/ Online 8/iv/17Google Scholar

Algeo, J. 2006 British or American English? A Handbook of Word and Grammar Patterns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

American Dictionary of the English Language 1828 ed. Webster., N. New York: S Converse.Google Scholar

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1969 ed. Morris., W. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Anderwald, L. 2016 Language between Description and Prescription: Verbs and Verb Categories in Nineteenth Century Grammars. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ansaldo, Umberto 2004 The evolution of Singapore English. In Lim, L. ed. Singapore English: A Grammatical Description. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 127–149.Google Scholar

Anvil-Macquarie Dictionary of Philippine English for High School 2000 ed. Bautista, M. L. and Butler., S. Manilla: Anvil Press.Google Scholar

Auer, P. 2014 Enregistering pluricentric German. In da Silva ed. 2014: 19–48.Google Scholar

Australian Concise Oxford 1997 ed. Moore., B. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Australian National Dictionary on Historical Principles 1988 ed. Ramson., W. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bautista, L. ed. 2011 Studies in Philippine English. Manila: Anvil Press.Google Scholar

Bernstein, T. 1966 The Careful Writer. New York: Atheneum.Google Scholar

Bolton, K. and Butler, S. 2004 Dictionaries and the stratification of vocabulary: Towards a new lexicography for Philippine English. World Englishes 23,1: 91–112.Google Scholar

Cameron, D. 1995 Verbal Hygiene. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Canadian Oxford Dictionary 1998 ed. Barber, K.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Clyne, M. ed. 1992 Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Countries. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Collins Australian Dictionary 2007 ed. Krebs, B. and Wajnryb., R. Glasgow: Harper Collins.Google Scholar

Collins Gage Canadian Paperback Dictionary 2006 Toronto: Thomson/Nelson.Google Scholar

Crawford, W. 2009 The mandative subjunctive. In Rohdenburg, G. and Schlüter, J. eds. One Language, Two Grammars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 257–276.Google Scholar

Cummin, A. 1997 English language-in-education policies in Canada. In Eggington and Wren 1997: 91–105.Google Scholar

Da Silva, A. S. ed. 2014 Pluricentricity: Language Variation and Sociocognitive Dimensions. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar

Dictionary of American English on Historical Principles 1936–44 ed. Craigie, W. and Hulbert, J. R.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Dictionary of Austral English 1898 ed. Morris., E. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Dictionary of Canadian English on Historical Principles 1967 ed. Avis., W. Toronto: W. J. Gage.Google Scholar

Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage 1957 ed. Evans, B. and Evans, C.. New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Dictionary of Indian English 2017 ed. Carls, U., Lucko, P., Lothar, P. and Polzenhagen, H.. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitäts Verlag.Google Scholar

Dictionary of New Zealand Words and Phrases 1994 ed. Orsman, E. and Orsman., H. Auckland: New House Publishers.Google Scholar

Dictionary of New Zealand English on Historical Principles 1997 ed. Orsman., H. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Dictionary of Prince Edward Island English 1988 ed. Pratt., T. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar

Dictionary of South African English 1978 ed. Bransford., J. Cape Town: Cape Town University Press.Google Scholar

Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles 1996 ed Silva., P. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Dictionary of South African Indian English 2010 ed. Mesthrie., R. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.Google Scholar

Eggington, W. and Wren, H. 1997. Language Policy – Dominant English: Pluralist Challenges. Amsterdam: John Benjamins and Language Australia.Google Scholar

Evans, B. and Evans, C. 1957 Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Fee, M. and McAlpine, J. 1997 Guide to Canadian English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Fowler, H. G. 1926 Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Fries, C. 1940 American English Grammar. New York: D. Appleton Century.Google Scholar

Gage Canadian Dictionary 1983 ed. Drysdale., P. Toronto: Gage Publishing.Google Scholar

Garner, B. 1998 Modern American Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Garner’s Modern American Usage 2003, 2009, 2016 online. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Geerts, G. 1992 Is Dutch a pluricentric language? In Clyne 1992: 71–92.Google Scholar

Goh, R. 2013 Uncertain locale: The dialectics of space and the cultural politics of English in Singapore, in Wee, Goh, and Lim 2013: 125–144.Google Scholar

Granville, S., Hanks, H., Mphahlele, M., Reed, Y., Watson, P., and Ramani, E. 1998 English with or without g(u)ilt: A position paper on language in education policy for South Africa. Language and Education 12,4: 253–272.Google Scholar

Haugen, E. 1972 [1966] Language, dialect, nation. In Pride, J. and Holmes, J. eds. Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 99–111.Google Scholar

Heinemann New Zealand Dictionary 1979 ed. Orsman, H. W.. Auckland: Heinemann Educational.Google Scholar

Heugh, K. 2002 Recovering multilingualism: Recent language policy developments. In Mesthrie 2002: 449–475.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hoffmann, S., Hundt, M., and Mukherjee, J. 2011 Indian English – an emerging epicentre? A pilot study of light verbs in web-derived corpora of South Asian Englishes. Anglia 129, 3–4: 258–280.Google Scholar

Howell, J. B. 1983 Style Manuals of the English-Speaking World. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.Google Scholar

Hudson, N. 1993 Modern Australian Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Hundt, M. 1998 New Zealand English Grammar: Fact or Fiction? Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Kachru, B. 1989 World Englishes and applied linguistics. Studies in Linguistic Sciences 19,1: 127–152.Google Scholar

Kristiansen, G. 2014 Introduction: Pluricentricity, language internal variations and cognitive linguistics. In da Silva, 2014: 1–16.Google Scholar

Kruger, H. 2009 Language in education policy, publishing, and the translation of children’s books in South Africa. Perspectives in Translatology 17,1: 105–136.Google Scholar

Kruger, H. and van Rooy, B. 2017 Editorial practice and the progressive in Black South African English. World Englishes 36,1: 20–41.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lambert, J. 2012 Towards a new lexicography for Indian English. English World-Wide 33,3: 292–320.Google Scholar

Leimgruber, J., Siemund, P. and Terassa, L. 2018 Singaporean students’ language repertoires and attitudes revisited. World Englishes 37, 2: 282–306.Google Scholar

Leitner, G. 1992 English as a pluricentric language. In Clyne 1992: 179–238.Google Scholar

Lexicon of South African Indian English 1992 ed. Mesthrie, R.. Leeds: Peepal Tree Press.Google Scholar

Lim, L. ed. 2004 Singapore English: A Grammatical Description. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Lim, L. 2012 Standards of English in South-East Asia. In Hickey, R. ed. Standards of English: Codified Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Linnegar, J. 2009 Engleish, Our Engleish: Common Errors in South African English and How to Solve Them. Cape Town: NB Publishers, Pharoas DictionariesGoogle Scholar

Lorente, B. 2013 The grip of English and Philippine language policy. In Wee, Goh, and Lim 2013: 187–204.Google Scholar

Macmillan Indian Dictionary 2006 ed. Butler., S. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Macquarie Dictionary 1981 ed. Delbridge, A.. Sydney: Macquarie Library.Google Scholar

Macquarie Dictionary of English for the Fiji Islands 2006 ed Geraghty, P., Mugler, F., and Tent, J.. Sydney: Macquarie Library.Google Scholar

Mair, C. 2013 World system of Englishes. English World-Wide 34,3: 253–278.Google Scholar

Mesthrie, R. ed. 2002 Language in South Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Mesthrie, R. 2013 Where does a new English dictionary stop? On the making of a dictionary of South African Indian English. English Today 29,1: 36–43.CrossRef Google Scholar

Muhr, R. ed 2013 [2012] Exploring Linguistic Standards in Non-dominant Varieties of English: Introduction. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar

Murray-Smith, S. 1987 Right Words. Ringwood: Penguin, Viking.Google Scholar

Nelson Gage Canadian Paperback Dictionary 2011 Toronto: Nelson Gage.Google Scholar

New Zealand Oxford Dictionary 2005 ed. Deverson, T. and Kennedy., G. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Nunberg, G. 1990 From criticism to reference. International Journal of Lexicography 3,2: 111–132.Google Scholar

Övergaard, G. 1995 The Mandative Subjunctive in American and British English in the 20th Century. Studia Linguistica Upsaliensia 94. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar

Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary 1996 (5th ed. with Indian Supplement). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Peters, P. 1995 Cambridge Australian English Style Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Peters, P. 2004 Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Peters, P. 2006 English usage, prescription and description. In Aarts, B. and McMahon, A. eds. Handbook of English Linguistics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 759–780.Google Scholar

Peters, P. 2007a Cambridge Guide to Australian English Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Peters, P. 2007b Australian English as a regional epicenter. In Hoffman, T. and Siebers, L. eds. World Englishes: Problems, Properties, Prospects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 107–124.Google Scholar

Peters, P. 2012 Varieties of English: Standard British English. In Bergs, A. and Brinton, L. eds. Historical Linguistics of English. HSK 34:1. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1879–1899.Google Scholar

Peters, P. 2014 Usage Guides and usage trends in Australian and British English. Australian Journal of Linguistics 34,4: 581–598.Google Scholar

Peters, P., Collins, P., and Smith, A. eds 2009 Comparative Studies of Australian and New Zealand English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Peters, P. and Young, W. 1997 The lexicography of English usage. Journal of English Linguistics 25,4: 315–331.Google Scholar

Random House Dictionary of the English Language 1966 ed. Stein., J. New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Random House Websters Dictionary 2001 4th ed. New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Reagan, T. G. 2002 Language policy and planning. In Mesthrie, R. ed. Language in South Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 419–433.Google Scholar

Rohdenburg, G. and Schlüter, J., eds. 2009 One Language, Two Grammars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Sammadar, S. 2007 Political agenda of education: A study of colonialist and nationalist ideas. Educational Studies 42,2: 189–194.Google Scholar

Schneider, E.W. 2007 Postcolonial English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Schneider, E.W. 2014 Global diffusion, regional attraction, local roots? Sociocognitive perspectives on the pluricentricity of English. In da Silva 2014: 191–226.Google Scholar

Siemund, P., Schulz, M., and Schweinberger, M. 2014 Studying the linguistic ecology of Singapore: A comparison of college and university students. World Englishes 33,3: 340–362.Google Scholar

Strevens, P. 1980 Teaching English as an International Language: From Practice to Principle. Oxford: Pergamon PressGoogle Scholar

Tan, S. I. 2016 Charting the endonormative stabilization of Singapore English. In Leitner, G. et al. eds. Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Thompson, R. 2003 Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Times-Chambers Essential English Dictionary 1997 (2nd ed.) ed. Higgleton, E. and Ooi., V. Edinburgh: Chambers-Harrap.Google Scholar

Websters Dictionary of English Usage 1989 ed. Gilman, E. W.. Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster.Google Scholar

Websters New International Dictionary 1909 ed. Harris, W. T.. Massachusetts: G. & C. MerriamGoogle Scholar

Websters Third New International Dictionary with Philippine Supplement 1961 ed. Gove., P. Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam.Google Scholar

Wee, L. 2011 Metadiscursive convergence in the Singlish debate. Language and Communication 31: 75–85.Google Scholar

Wee, L., Goh, R., and Lim, L. eds. 2013 The Politics of English in South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Yule, H. and Burnell, A. C. eds. 1886/1903 Hobson Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases. London: John Murray.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.