Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 September 2025
Chapter 12 examines international environmental issues as they intersect with trade issues. We analyze the case law produced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in various disputes in which the prerogative of free trade stumbled over the regulatory measures that states have enacted to protect endangered species and human health. Some of the cases that have made headlines include national measures to protect the dolphins when fishing for tuna; restricting the use of growth hormones in cattle; and the regulation of GM products. This chapter demonstrates how international environmental law has had a lasting impact on trade law and how it has helped refashion the notion of free trade.
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