Chapter 4 examines the motivations and consequences of religious conversion. It specifically focuses on socioeconomic reasons rather than spiritual motivations. Although most conversions involved embracing Islam, conversions to other faiths also occurred. Using social identity theories by Tajfel and Turner, the chapter argues that conversion is not just a transition between communities but the creation of an ambiguous social space – belonging to both, to neither, or parts of both. Converts often kept ties to their original communities while trying to gain acceptance in their new ones, developing fluid identities to navigate different social worlds. In response, each religious community would reward converts and punish those who left. Rewards included access to resources, inheritance rights, or marriage prospects, while punishments involved public shaming, annulment of marriages, or exclusion from burial rites. The chapter employs Foucault’s concepts of discipline and punishment to analyze these reactions.