Chapter 4 focuses on the educational programs that the Children’s Bureau and state bureaus ran with Sheppard-Towner funding. Sheppard-Towner programs aimed to standardize American “mothercraft” and to teach citizenship through educational initiatives: little mothers’ leagues, mothers’ courses, educational films, and instructional material mailed to mothers. Much of this educational information came directly from the Children’s Bureau and reflected federal and state agents’ beliefs that there was one “correct” method of childrearing that could and should be taught to all American mothers. Their educational efforts often sought to circumvent actual mothers and focused instead on shaping the next generation of “potential mothers” – young girls. Through these educational programs, both state and national bureaus gained greater access to the intimate lives of their constituents and tried to shape familial relations nationwide. Critically, they also taught mothers and children how to see and engage with state and federal agencies – as well as how to exchange personal data for state services.