The study of nonverbal communication often is quite detail-oriented, and throughout the text we have enjoyed bringing those details to our readers. We have described how the briefest of micro-momentary expressions can betray emotion, even when a person does not wish to convey that emotion. We have described how small variations in muscle movements make for authentic versus Deschene smiles. We have described how subtle changes around the eyes or in body position convey affection or anger. Although these and other details each can affect ongoing communication, in this conclusion we want to take a broader view. We know that languages are acquired via interactive communication with others – at interpersonal, intergroup and/or intercultural levels. When we pay attention to the details of nonverbal communication, we sometimes lose sight of the broader connections among people and the relationships that such connections provide. In all second language learning there is one consistent element: interaction is between or among people. Albert Einstein once said,

Relationships with other people are crucial for our wellbeing. With the emergence of positive psychology in SLA (MacIntyre et al., 2016) and positive communication (Socha & Pitts, 2012), there is a growing concern for ways in which to build relationships that are facilitated by language learning. Relationships serve basic human needs, such as our need to belong, to feel loved and understood, and to be connected to other people and supported socially (Gregersen et al., 2016). Although we can share our thoughts, feelings, hopes and desires with others through language, the nonverbal dimensions of communication hold it all together in a steady stream. We might compare nonverbal communication to the soundtrack of a movie that ties the film together, infusing it with meaning from moment-to-moment.