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13 - Fourth-Grade Hades

November 6, 1963 (St. Augustine)

from Part III - Tragedy in American History

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 October 2026

Martin Dobrow
Affiliation:
Springfield College
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Summary

This chapter takes readers more deeply into the story of Irwin Brunson, the fourth grader who is one of the first Black children to integrate St. Augustine schools in 1963-64. As autumn unfolded, many of the city’s deepening racial tensions bled into the atmosphere at the Fullerwood School, where Irwin is feeling increasingly isolated and targeted by bullying classmates.

Readers learn more about Irwin’s parents, Charles and Ruby, and their journey as deaf people. Charles works as a chef at the Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind, where he had met Ruby. Charles also works on the weekends, gardening and doing odd jobs for white neighbors, often bringing Irwin and his older brother Billy along. One of the people they work for is A.H. Tebault Jr., who runs the St. Augustine Record. The family gets a daily copy of the paper, and Irwin follows the growing trouble in the city through its pages: everything from the shooting death of William Kinard in Lincolnville to the mysterious conviction of Robert Hayling for assaulting Klansmen at the rally where he had been severely beaten.

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  • Fourth-Grade Hades
  • Martin Dobrow, Springfield College
  • Book: Original City, Original Sin
  • Online publication: 15 October 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009595094.017
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  • Fourth-Grade Hades
  • Martin Dobrow, Springfield College
  • Book: Original City, Original Sin
  • Online publication: 15 October 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009595094.017
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Fourth-Grade Hades
  • Martin Dobrow, Springfield College
  • Book: Original City, Original Sin
  • Online publication: 15 October 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009595094.017
Available formats
×