Agúndez, M., and Cernicharo, J. (2006). Oxygen chemistry in the circumstellar envelope of the carbon-rich star IRC+10216. ApJ 650:374–393.
Alexander, D. R., Rypma, R. L., and Johnson, H. R. (1983). Effect of molecules and grains on Rosseland mean opacities. ApJ 272:773–780.
Alexander, J. B., Andrews, P. J., Catchpole, R. M., Feast, M. W., Lloyd Evans, T., Menzies, J. W., Wisse, P. N. J., and Wisse, M. (1972). A spectroscopic and photometric study of the pulsating R Coronae Borealis type variable RY Sagittarii. MNRAS 158:305–360.
Amari, S., Anders, E., Virag, A., and Zinner, E. (1990). Interstellar graphite in meteorites. Nature 345:238–240.
Amari, S., Zinner, E., and Lewis, R. S. (1993). Interstellar graphite in Murchison: Carbon isotopic distributions correlate with morphologies and a grain from a supernova. Meteoritics 28:316–317.
Anders, E., and Grevesse, N. (1989). Abundances of the elements: Meteoritic and solar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53:197–214.
Andersen, A. C., Höfner, S., and Gautschy-Loidl, R. (2003). Dust formation in winds of long-period variables. V: The influence of micro-physical dust properties in carbon stars. A&A 400:981–992.
Appel, J., Bockhorn, H., and Frenklach, M. (2000). Kinetic modeling of soot formation with detailed chemistry and physics: Laminar premixed flames of C2 hydrocarbons. Combust. and Flame 121:122–136.
Armentroud, P. B. (2001). Reactions and thermochemistry of small transition metal cluster ions. Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 52:423–61.
Arndt, T. U., Fleischer, A. J., and Sedlmayr, E. (1997). Circumstellar dust shells around long-period variables. VI: An approximative formula for the mass loss rate of C-rich stars. A&A 327:614–619.
Asplund, M. (1997). Evolution and variability of the R Coronae Borealis stars. Ph.D. thesis, Uppsala University, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala.
Asplund, M. (2000). The Eddington limit, radiative instabilities and the declines of R Coronae Borealis stars. In Wing, R. F., ed., The Carbon Star Phenomenon, Vol. 177 of IAU Symposium, p. 521.
Asplund, M., Grevesse, N., Sauval, A. J., and Scott, P. (2009). The chemical composition of the sun. ARA&A 47:481–522.
Atkins, P. W., and de Paula, J. (2010). Physical Chemistry, 9th ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Atkinson, K. (1989). An Introduction to Numerical Analysis. Wiley, New York.
Ayres, T. R., and Wiedemann, G. R. (1989). Non-LTE CO, revisited. ApJ 338:1033–1046.
Barin, I. (1995). Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances., Vols. I and II, 3rd ed. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim.
Baschek, B., Scholz, M., and Wehrse, R. (1991). The parameter R and Teff in stellar models and observations. A&A 246:374–382.
Baulch, D. L., Cobos, C. J., Cox, R. A., Esser, C., Franck, P., Just, T., Ker, J. A., Pilling, M. J., Troe, J., Walker, R. W., and Warnatz, J. (1992). Evaluated kinetic data for combustion modelling. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 21:411.
Beck, H. K. B., Gail, H.-P., Henkel, R., and Sedlmayr, E. (1992). Chemistry in circumstellar shells. I: Chromospheric radiation fields and dust formation in optically thin shells of M-giants. A&A 265:626–642.
Becker, R., and Döring, W. (1935). Kinetische Behandlung der Keimbildung in übersättigten Dämpfen. Annalen d. Physik Annalend. Physical 25:719–752.
Begemann, B., Dorschner, J., Henning, T., Mutschke, H., and Thamm, E. (1994). A laboratory approach to the interstellar sulfide dust problem. ApJ 423:L71–L74.
Benson, S. W. (1976). Thermochemical Kinetics. Methods for the Estimation of Thermochemical Data and Rate Parameters, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York.
Bergeat, J., and Chevallier, L. (2005). The mass loss of C-rich giants. A&A 429:235–246.
Bergeat, J., Knapik, A., and Rutily, B. (2002). Carbon-rich giants in the HR diagram and their luminosity function. A&A 390:967–986.
Bernatowicz, T., Coswik, R., Gibbons, P. C., Lodders, K., Fegley, B. Jr., Amari, S., and Lewis, R. (1996). Constraints on stellar grain formation from presolar graphite in the Murchison meteorite. ApJ 472:760–782.
Bernatowicz, T., Fraundorf, G., Tang, M., Anders, E., Wopenka, B., Zinner, E., and Fraundorf, P. (1987). Evidence for interstellar SiC in the Murray carbonaceous meteorite. Nature 330:728–730.
Bernatowicz, T. J., Akande, O. W., Croat, T. K., and Coswik, R. (2005). Constraints on grain formation around carbon stars from laboratory studies of presolar graphite. ApJ 631:988–1000.
Berruyer, N., and Frisch, H. (1983). Dust-driven winds. I: A two-fluid model and its numerical solution. A&A 126:269–277.
Bertschinger, E. (1986). On the structure and stability of radiative shock waves. ApJ 304:154–177.
Bertschinger, E. (1989). The evolution of cooling flows: Self-similar cooling waves. ApJ 340:666–678.
Bertschinger, E., and Chevalier, R. (1985). A periodic shock wave model for Mira variable atmospheres. ApJ 299:167–190.
Blanco, V. (1989). Carbon stars. Rev. Mex. Astr. Astrophys. 19:25–27.
Blöcker, T. (1995a). Stellar evolution of low- and intermediate-mass stars. II. Post-AGB evolution. A&A 299:755–769.
Blöcker, T. (1995b). Stellar evolution of low and intermediate-mass stars. I. Mass loss on the AGB and its consequences for stellar evolution. A&A 297:727–738.
Blöcker, T. (2001). Evolution on the AGB and beyond: On the formation of H-deficient post-AGB stars. Ap&SS 275:1–14.
Blöcker, T., and Schönberner, D. (1993). On the fading of AGB remnants. In Weinberger, R., and Acker, A., eds., Planetary Nebulae, IAU Symposium 155. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p. 479.
Blum, J. (2004). Grain growth and coagulation. In Witt, A. N., Clayton, G. C., and Draine, B. T., eds., Astrophysics of Dust, pp. 369–391. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco.
Bockhorn, H., Fettig, F., and Wenz, H. W. (1983). Ber. Bunsengesellschaft Phys. Chem. 87:1067–1073.
Bohren, C. F., and Huffman, D. R. (1983). Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. Wiley, New York.
Bojanic, J. (2005). Numerical analysis of the 1D satellite beam equation. Ph.D. thesis, Vienna University of Technology.
Boothroyd, A. I., and Sackmann, I.-J. (1988). Low-mass stars. III. Low-mass stars with steady mass loss: Up to the asymptotic giant branch and through the final thermal pulses. ApJ 328:653–670.
Boothroyd, A. I., and Sackmann, I.-J. (1999). The CNO isotopes: Deep circulation in red giants and first and second dredge-up. ApJ 510:232–250.
Bowen, G. (1988a). Dynamical modelling of long-period variable star atmospheres. ApJ 329:299–317.
Bowen, G. (1988b). The mechanism of mass loss from pulsating cool stars. In Stalio, R., and Willson, L., eds., Pulsation and Mass Loss in Stars, pp. 3–25. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Bowen, G. (1990). Dynamical phenomena in pulsating star atmospheres. In Buchler, J. R., ed., The Numerical Modelling of Nonlinear Stellar Pulsations, pp. 155–171. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Bowen, G., and Willson, L. (1991). From wind to superwind: The evolution of mass-loss rates for Mira models. ApJ 375:L53–L56.
Bradley, J. (2003). The astromineralogy of interplanetary dust particles. In Henning, T. K., ed., Astromineralogy, Vol. 609 of Lecture Notes in Physics, pp. 217–235.
Brendel, R., and Bormann, D. (1992). An infrared dielectric function model for amorphous solids. J. Applied Phys. 71:1–6.
Brucato, J., Colangeli, L., Mennella, V. P., Palumbo, V., and Bussoletti, E. (1999). Mid-infrared spectral evolution of thermally annealed amorphous pyroxene. A&A 348:1012–1019.
Busso, M., Gallino, R., and Wasserburg, G. J. (1999). Nucleosynthesis in asymptotic giant branch stars: Relevance for galactic enrichment and solar system formation. ARA&A 37:239–309.
Caffau, E., Bonifacio, P., Faraggiana, R., Francois, P., Gratton, R. G., and Barbieri, M. (2005). Sulphur abundance in galactic stars. A&A 441:533–548.
Castor, J., Abbott, D., and Klein, R. (1975). Radiation-driven winds in of stars. ApJ 195:157–174.
Chakraborty, S. (1997). Rates and mechanisms of Fe-Mg interdiffusion in olivine at 980-1300°C. J. Geophys. Res. 102:12317–12331.
Chase, M. W. (1998). NIST-JANAF Thermodynamic Tables, 4th ed. (number 9 in J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data monograph). National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC.
Chen, Y. Q., Nissen, P. E., Zhao, G., Zhang, H. W., and Benoni, T. (2000). Chemical composition of 90 F and G disk dwarfs. A&AS 141:491–506.
Cherchneff, I. (2006). A chemical study of the inner winds of asymptotic giant branch stars. A&A 456:1001–1012.
Cherchneff, I., and Barker, J. R. (1992). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and molecular equilibria in carbon-rich star. ApJ 394:703–716.
Cherchneff, I., Barker, J. R., and Tielens, A. G. G. (1992). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in carbon-rich stellar envelopes. ApJ 401:269–287.
Chigai, T., Yamamoto, T., and Kozasa, T. (1999). Formation condition of presolar TiC core-graphite mantle spherules in the murchison meteorite. ApJ 510:999–1010.
Choi, B., Huss, G. R., and Wasserburg, G. J. (1998). Presolar corundum and spinel from the Bishunpur and Semarkona ordinary chondrites. Lunar and Planetary Institute Conference 29:1898.
Choi, B.-G., Wasserburg, G. J., and Huss, G. R. (1999). Circumstellar hibonite and corundum and nucleosynthesis in asymptotic giant branch stars. ApJ 522:L133–L136.
Chorin, A., and Marsden, J. (1979). A Mathematical Introduction to Fluid Mechanics. Springer, Berlin.
Claussen, M. J., Kleinmann, S. G., Joyce, R. R., and Jura, M. (1987). A flux-limited sample of galactic carbon stars. ApJS 65:385–404.
Clayton, G. C., Whitney, B. A., Stanford, S. A., and Drilling, J. S. (1992). Observations of R Coronae Borealis stars in decline: Empirical arguments for dust formation near the stellar surface. ApJ 397:652–663.
Clegg, R. E. S. (1985). CNO in planetary nebulae. In Danziger, I. J., Mateucci, F., and Kjaer, K., eds., Production and Distribution of C,N,O Elements, ESO Conference and Workshop Proceedings, pp. 261–274.
Cohen, M. (1979). Circumstellar envelopes and the evolution of carbon stars. MNRAS 186:837–852.
Cohen, N., and Westberg, K. R. (1983). Chemical kinetic data sheets for high-temperature chemical reactions. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 12:531–590.
Colangeli, L., Henning, T., Brucato, J. R., Clément, D., Fabian, D., Guillois, O., and 14 other authors (2003). The role of laboratory experiments in the characterisation of silicon-based cosmic material. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 11:97–152.
Courant, R., Friedrichs, K., and Lewy, H. (1928). Über die partiellen Differenzengleichungen der mathematischen Physik. Mathematische Annalen 100:32–74.
Croat, T. K., Stadermann, F. J., and Bernatowicz, T. J. (2005). Presolar graphite from AGB stars: Microstructure and s-process enrichment. ApJ 631:976–987.
Danchi, W. C., Bester, M., Degiacomi, C. G., Greenhill, L. J., and Townes, C. H. (1994). Characteristics of dust shells around 13 late-type stars. AJ 107:1469–1513.
Daulton, T. L., Bernatowicz, T. J., Lewis, R. S., Messenger, S., Stadermann, F. J., and Amari, S. (2003). Polytype distribution of circumstellar silicon carbide: Microstructural characterization by transmission electron microscopy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67:4743–4767.
Davy, J. G., and Somorjai, G. A. (1971). Studies of the vaporisation mechanism of ice single crystals. GJCP 55:3624–3636.
de Jager, C. (1983). Mass Loss from astronomical objects: A summary. Highlights of Astronomy 6:603–617.
de Jager, C., Nieuwenhuijzen, H., and van der Hucht, K. A. (1988). Mass loss rates in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. A&AS 72:259–289.
Deguchi, S. (1980). Grain formation in cool stellar envelopes. ApJ 236:567–576.
Dijkstra, C., Dominik, C., Bouwman, J., and de Koter, A. (2006). Water ice growth around evolved stars. II. Modeling infrared spectra. A&A 449:1101–1116.
Dominik, C., Gail, H.-P., and Sedlmayr, E. (1989). The size distribution of dust particles in a dust-driven wind. A&A 223:227–236.
Dominik, C., Gail, H.-P., Sedlmayr, E., and Winters, J. M. (1990). HR diagrams for dust driven winds around C-stars. A&A 240:365–375.
Donn, B. (1978). Condensation processes and the formation of cosmic grains. In Gehrels, T., ed., Protostars and Planets I, pp. 100–111. Tucson University Press, Tucson.
Donn, B., and Nuth, J. A. (1985). Does nucleation theory apply to the formation of refractory circumstellar grains. ApJ 288:187–190.
Dorfi, E. (1999). Implicit radiation hydrodynamics for 1D problems. J. Comp. Appl. Math. 109:153–171.
Dorfi, E., and Feuchtinger, M. (1991). Nonlinear stellar pulsations. I. Numerical methods, basic physics, initial models and first results. A&A 249:417–427.
Dorfi, E., and Höfner, S. (1991). Dust formation in winds of long-period variables. I: Equations, method of solution, simple examples. A&A 248:105–114.
Dorfi, E. A., and Drury, L. O. (1987). Simple adaptive grids for 1-D initial value problems. J. Comput. Phys. 69:175–195.
Dorschner, J. (2003). From dust astrophysics towards dust mineralogy: A historical review. In Henning, T., ed., Astromineralogy, Vol. 609 of Lecture Note in Physics, pp. 1–54.
Dorschner, J., Begemann, B., Henning, T., Jäger, C., and Mutschke, H. (1995). Steps toward interstellar silicate mineralogy. II. Study of Fe-Mg silicate glasses of varable composition. A&A 300:503–520.
Draine, B. (1979). Time-dependent nucleation theory and the formation of interstellar grains. Ap&SS 65:313–335.
Draine, B. (1980). Interstellar shock waves with magnetic precursors. ApJ 241:1021–1038.
Draine, B. (1985). Tabulated optical properties of graphite and silicate grains. ApJS 57:587–594.
Draine, B. (1986). Multicomponent, reacting MHD flows. MNRAS 220:133–148.
Draine, B., and Salpeter, E. E. (1977). Time-dependent nucleation theory. J. Chem. Phys. 67:2230–2235.
Draine, B. T. (1981). Infrared emission from dust in shocked gas. ApJ 245:880–890.
Draine, B. T., and Lee, H. M. (1984). Optical properties of interstellar graphite and silicate grains. ApJ 285:89–108.
Dreyer, C. (2010). Dust-induced non-linear dynamics in C-rich AGB star envelopes. Ph.D. thesis, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin.
Dreyer, C., Hegmann, M., and Sedlmayr, E. (2009). Circumstellar dust shells around long-period variables. IX. Dynamics of C-rich AGB star shells dominated by the exterior k-mechanism. A&A 499:765–771.
Drinkwater, M., and Wood, P. (1985). Pulsation, mass loss and grain formation in cool giants. In Morris, M., and Zuckerman, B., eds., Mass Loss from Red Giants, pp. 257–260. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Drude, P. (1900). Zur Elektronentheorie der Metalle. Anna Phys. 1:566–613.
Duley, W., and Williams, D. (1984). Interstellar chemistry. UniversiteXt. Academic Press.
Edvardsson, B., Andersen, J., Gustafsson, B., Lambert, D. L., Nissen, P. E., and Tomkin, J. (1993). The chemical evolution of the galactic disk. I: Analysis and results. A&A 275:101–152.
Efimov, Y. S. (1988). Variation of the photometric and colorimetric characteristics of eruptive stars during formation of circumstellar dust shells: R-Coronae. Soviet Astronomy 32:512–516.
Eggleton, P. P. (1971). The evolution of low mass stars. MNRAS 151:351–364.
Eggleton, P. P. (1972). Composition changes during stellar evolution. MNRAS 156:361–376.
Eggleton, P. P. (1973). A numerical treatment of double shell source stars. MNRAS 163:279–284.
Eglitis, I. (1993). Abundance ratio C/O in the atmospheres of carbon stars. Ap&SS 202:155–160.
Elitzur, M. (1991). Astronomical Masers. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Erickson, J., Guoy, D., Sullivan, J., and Üngör, A. (2002). Building space-time meshes over arbitrary spatial domains. In Proc. 11th Int. Meshing Roundtable, pages 391–402. Sandia National Laboratory.
Fabian, D., Jäger, C., Henning, T., Dorschner, J., and Mutschke, H. (2000). Steps toward interstellar silicate mineralogy. V: Thermal evolution of amorphous magnesium silicates and silica. A&A 364:282–292.
Feast, M. W., Glass, I. S., Whitelock, P. A., and Catchpole, R. M. (1989). A period-luminosity-colour relation for Mira variables. MNRAS 241:375–392.
Feautrier, P. (1964). Sur le résolution numérique de l'équation de transfert. Comptes Rendus 258:3189–3199.
Ferrarotti, A. S., and Gail, H.-P. (2001). Mineral formation in stellar winds. II. Effects of Mg/Si abundance variations on dust composition in AGB stars. A&A 371:133–151.
Ferrarotti, A. S., and Gail, H.-P. (2002). Mineral formation in stellar winds. III. Dust formation in S stars. A&A 382:256–281.
Ferrarotti, A. S., and Gail, H.-P. (2003). Mineral formation in stellar winds. IV. Formation of magnesiowüstite. A&A 398:1029–1039.
Ferrarotti, A. S., and Gail, H.-P. (2006). Composition and quantities of dust produced by AGB-stars and returned to the interstellar medium. A&A 447:553–576.
Ferziger, J., and Kaper, H. (1972). Mathematical Theory of Transport Processes in Gases. North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Feuchtinger, M., Dorfi, E., and Höfner, S. (1993). Radiation hydrodynamics in atmospheres of long-period variables. A&A 273:513–523.
Fleischer, A. J., Gauger, A., and Sedlmayr, E. (1992). Circumstellar dust shells around long-period variables. I. Dynamical models of C-stars including dust formation, growth and evaporation. A&A 266:321–339.
Fleischer, A. J., Gauger, A., and Sedlmayr, E. (1995). Circumstellar dust shells around long-period variables. III. Instability due to an exterior k-mechanism caused by dust formation. A&A 297:543–555.
Fleischer, A. J., Gauger, A., Sedlmayr, E., and Gail, H.-P. (1990). Dynamical models of dust shells around Mira variables. In Cacciari, C., and Clementini, G., eds., ASP Conf. Ser. 11: Confrontation Between Stellar Pulsation and Evolution, pp. 431–434.
Forrest, W. J., Gillett, F. C., and Stein, W. A. (1971). Variability of radiation from circumstellar grains surrounding R Coronae Borealis. ApJL 170:L29–L31.
Forrest, W. J., Gillett, F. C., and Stein, W. A. (1972). Infrared measurements of R Coronae Borealis through its 1972 March-June minimum. ApJL 178:L129–L132.
Fox, M., and Wood, P. (1982). Theoretical growth rates, periods, and pulsation constants for long-period variables. ApJ 259:198.
Frantsman, Y. L., and Eglitis, I. E. (1988). The C/O-ratio in N stars: Observations and theory. Soviet Astronomy 14:L109–L111.
Frenklach, M., Clary, D. W., Gardiner, W. C., and Stein, S. E. (1985). Detailed kinetic modeling of soot formation in shock-tube pyrolysis of acetylene. Proc. Combust. Inst. 20:887–901.
Frenklach, M., and Feigelson, E. D. (1989). Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in circumstellar envelopes. ApJ 341:372–384.
Friedemann, C. (1969). Siliziumkarbid als möglicher Bestandteil des interstellaren Staubes. Astron. Nachr. 291:177–186.
Fuchs, R. (1975). Theory of the optical properties ofionic crystal cubes. Phys.Rev.B 11:1732–1740.
Fujita, Y. (1970). Interpretation of Spectra and Atmospheric Structure in Cool Stars. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
Gail, H., and Sedlmayr, E. (1998). Inorganic dust formation in astrophysical environments. Chemistry and Physics of Molecules and Grains in Space (Faraday Discussions No. 109). Faraday Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry, London, pp. 303–319.
Gail, H.-P. (1990). Winds of late-type Stars. Rev. Mod. Astron. 3:156–173.
Gail, H.-P. (1998). Chemical reactions in protoplanetary accretion disks. IV. Multicomponent dust mixture. A&A 332:1099–1122.
Gail, H.-P. (2003). Formation and evolution of minerals in accretion disks and stellar outflows. In Henning, T., ed., Astromineralogy, pp. 55–120. Springer, Heidelberg.
Gail, H.-P., Keller, R., and Sedlmayr, E. (1984). Dust formation in stellar winds. I. A rapid computational method and application to graphite condensation. A&A 133:320–332.
Gail, H.-P., and Sedlmayr, E. (1984). Formation of crystalline and amorphous carbon grains. A&A 132:163–167.
Gail, H.-P., and Sedlmayr, E. (1985). Dust formation in stellar winds. II. Carbon condensation in stationary, spherically expanding winds. A&A 148:183–190.
Gail, H.-P., and Sedlmayr, E. (1986a). The maximum possible mass loss rate for dust-driven winds. A&A 161:201–202.
Gail, H.-P., and Sedlmayr, E. (1986b). The primary condensation process for dust around late M-type stars. A&A 166:225–236.
Gail, H.-P., and Sedlmayr, E. (1987a). Dust formation in stellar winds. In Morfill, G. E., and Scholer, M., ed., Physical Processes in Interstellar Clouds, pp. 275–303. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Gail, H.-P., and Sedlmayr, E. (1987b). Dust formation in stellar winds. III. Self-consistent models for dust-driven winds around C-stars. A&A 171:197–204.
Gail, H.-P., and Sedlmayr, E. (1987c). Dust formation in stellar winds. V. The minimum mass loss rate for dust-driven winds. A&A 177:186–192.
Gail, H.-P., and Sedlmayr, E. (1988). Dust formation in stellar winds. IV. Heteromolecular carbon grain formation and growth. A&A 206:153–168.
Gail, H.-P., and Sedlmayr, E. (1998). Dust formation in M stars. In Hartquist, T. W., and Williams, D. A., eds., The Molecular Astrophysics of Stars and Galaxies, pp. 285–312. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Gail, H.-P., and Sedlmayr, E. (1999). Mineral formation in stellar winds. I. Condensation sequence of silicate and iron grains in stationary oxygen-rich outflows. A&A 347:594–616.
Gail, H.-P., Zhukovska, S. V., Hoppe, P., and Trieloff, M. (2009). Stardust from asymptotic giant branch stars. ApJ 698:1136–1154.
Gardiner, W. C. (2000). Combustion Chemistry. Springer, New York.
Gauger, A., Sedlmayr, E., and Gail, H.-P. (1990). Dust formation, growth and evaporation in a cool pulsating circumstellar shell. A&A 235:345–361.
Gehrz, R. D. (1989). Sources of stardust in the galaxy. In Allamandola, L. J., and Tielens, A. G. G. M., eds., Interstellar Dust, pp. 445–453, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Gehrz, R. D., and Woolf, N. J. (1971). Mass loss from M stars. ApJ 165:285–294.
Gilman, R. C. (1969). On the composition of circumstellar grains. ApJ 155:L185–L187.
Gilman, R. C. (1972). On the coupling of Grains to the gas in circumstellar envelopes. ApJ 178:423–426.
Girardi, L., Bressan, A., Bertelli, G., and Chiosi, C. (2000). Evolutionary tracks and isochrones for low- and intermediate-mass stars: From 0.15 to 7 M0, and from Z = 0.0004 to 0.03. A&A 141:371–383.
Glass, G., and Kironde, S. (1982). Vibrational relaxation of carbon monoxide in collisions with atomic hydrogen. J. Phys. Chem. 86:908–913.
Glassgold, A. E. (1999). Circumstellar chemistry of AGB winds. In le Bertre, T., Lèbre, A., and Waelkens, C., eds., Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars., IAU Symposium 191, pp. 337–346.
Glassgold, A. E., Lucas, R., and Omont, A. (1986). Molecular ions in the circumstellar envelope of IRC+10216. A&A 157:35–48.
Goeres, A. (1992). Staubbildung in den Hüllen von Kohlenstoffsternen: R Coronae Borealis. Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Berlin.
Goeres, A. (1993). The formation of PAHs in C-type star environments. In G., Klare, ed., Reviews in Modern Astronomy, Vol. 6 of Reviews in Modern Astronomy, pp. 165–178.
Goeres, A., and Sedlmayr, E. (1992). The envelopes of R Coronae Borealis stars. I. A physical model of the decline events due to dust formation. A&A 265:216–236.
Goldreich, P., and Scoville, N. (1976). OH-IR stars. I: Physical properties of circumstellar envelopes. ApJ 205:144–154.
Goncharova, R. I. (1985). The 1983-1984 minimum of R Coronae Borealis. Soviet Astronomy Lett. 11:362–364.
Goncharova, R. I., Koval'Chuk, G. U., and F., P. A. (1983). Cyclic variations of the light of RCrB and their connection with the nonperiodic fadings of brightness. Astrophysics 19:161–168.
Gonzalez-Alfonso, E., and Cernicharo, J. (1999). The water vapor abundance in circumstellar envelopes. ApJ 525:845–862.
Gow, C. (1977). Spectrophotometry of cool carbon stars. PASP 89:510–518.
Gräfener, G., and Hamann, W.-R. (2005). Hydrodynamic model atmospheres for WR stars: Self-consistent modeling of a WC star wind. A&A 432:633–645.
Gratton, R. G., Carretta, E., Claudi, R., Lucatello, S., and Barbieri, M. (2003). Abundances for metal-poor stars with accurate parallaxes. I. Basic data. A&A 404:187–210.
Gratton, R. G., and Sneden, C. (1988). Abundances in extremely metal-poor stars. A&A 204:193–218.
Greenberg, M. J. (1989). The core-mantle model of interstellar grains and the cosmic dust connection. In Allamandola, L. J., and Tielens, A. G. G. M., eds., Interstellar Dust, pp. 345–355.
Grevesse, N., and Sauval, A. J. (1998). Standard solar composition. Space Sci. Rev. 85:161–174.
Griffin, I. (1990). A model for the infrared and radio spectral energy distribution of IRC+10216. MNRAS 247:591–605.
Grinin, V. P. (1988). On the blue emission visible during deep minima of young irregular variables. Soviet Astronomy Lett. 14:27–28.
Groenewegen, M. A. T., and Marigo, P. (2004). Synthetic AGB evolution. In Habing, H. J., and Olofsson, H., eds., Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars, pp. 105–148. Springer, New York.
Groenewegen, M. A. T., van den Hoek, L., and de Jong, T. (1995). The evolution of galactic carbon stars. A&A 293:381–395.
Groenewegen, M. A. T., and Whitelock, P. A. (1996). A revised period-luminosity relation for carbon Miras. MNRAS 281:1347–1351.
Grossman, L. (1972). Condensation in the primitive solar nebula. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 36:597–619.
Gustafson, B. A. S., Greenberg, J. M., Kolokolova, L., Xu, Y.-L., and Stognienko, R. (2001). Interactions with electromagnetic radiation: Theory and laboratory simulations. In Grün, E., Gustafson, B. A. S., Dermott, S. F., and Fechtig, H., eds., Interplanetary Dust, pp. 509–567. Springer, Berlin.
Gustafsson, B., Bell, R. A., Eriksson, K., and Nordlund, A. (1975). A grid of model atmospheres for metal-deficient giant stars, I. A&A 42:407–432.
Gustafsson, B., and Höfner, S. (2003). Atmospheres of AGB stars. In Habing, H., and Olofsson, H., eds., Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars, pp. 149–245. Springer. Berlin.
Gustafsson, B., Lambert, D. L., Hinkle, K. H., and Eriksson, K. (1985). CNO Abundances and 12C/13C ratios in 30 galactic N stars. In Danziger, I. J., Mateucci, F., and Kjaer, K., eds., Production and Distribution of C,N,O Elements: ESO Conference and Workshop Proceedings, pp. 151–154.
Habing, H. (1987). IRAS results on circumstellar shells. In Appenzeller, I., and Jordan, C., eds., Circumstellar Matter, pp. 197–213. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Habing, H. (1990). The evolution of red giants to white dwarfs: A review of the observational evidence. In Mennessier, M. O., and Omont, A., eds., From Miras to Planetary Nebulae: Which Path for Stellar Evolution? pp. 16–40. Editions Frontières, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
Habing, H. (1996). Circumstellar envelopes and asymptotic giant branch stars. A&A Rev. 7:97–207.
Habing, H., Tignon, J., and Tielens, A. (1994). Calculations of the outflow velocity of envelopes of cool giants. A&A 286:523–534.
Habing, H., and Whitelock, P. A. (2003). AGB stars as tracer of stellar populations. In Habing, H., and Olofsson, H., eds., Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars pp. 411–460. Springer, Berlin.
Habing, H. J., and Olofsson, H., eds. (2003). Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars. Springer, Berlin.
Hallenbeck, S. L., Nuth, J. A., and Daukantas, P. L. (1998). Mid-infrared spectral evolution of amorphous magnesium silicate smokes annealed in vacuum: Comparison to cometary spectra. Icarus 131:198–209.
Hallenbeck, S. L., Nuth, J. A., and Nelson, R. N. (2000). Evolving optical properties of annealing silicate grains: From amorphous condensate to crystalline mineral. ApJ 535:247–255.
Harpaz, A., and Kovetz, A. (1981). Evolution of 1.2 solar mass star and the formation of planetary nebulae. A&A 93:200–203.
Hartmann, L., and MacGregor, K. B. (1980). Momentum and energy deposition in late-type stellar atmospheres and winds. ApJ 242:260–282.
Hashimoto, A. (1990). Evaporation kinetics of forsterite and implications for the early solar nebula. Nature 347:53–55.
Hashimoto, A. (1998). Absolute reaction rates of hydrogen with condensed phases in the nebula. Meteoritics 33:A65.
Hashimoto, O. (1995). Infrared properties of circumstellar dust envelopes of oxygen-rich asymptotic giant branch stars. ApJ 442:286–295.
Hauschildt, P. H., Allard, F., Baron, E., Aufdenberg, J., and Schweitzer, A. (2003). Stellar atmospheres and synthetic spectra for GAIA. In Munari, U., ed., GAIA Spectroscopy: Science and Technology, Vol. 298 of Astr. Soc. Pacific Conf. Ser., pp. 179–188.
Hearn, A. G. (1990). The physics of mass loss from AGB stars. In Mennessier, M. O., and Omont, A., eds., From Miras to Planetary Nebulae: Which Path for Stellar Evolution? pp. 121–130.
Helling, C., Winters, J. M., and Sedlmayr, E. (2000). Circumstellar dust shells around long-period variables. VII: The role of molecular opacities. A&A 358:651–664.
Helling, C., and Woitke, P. (2006). Dust in brown dwarfs. V. Growth and evaporation of dirty dust grains. A&A 455:325–338.
Henning, T., Begemann, B., Mutschke, H., and Dorschner, J. (1995). Optical properties of oxide dust grains. A&AS 112:143–149.
Henning, T., Jäger, C., and Mutschke, H. (2004). Laboratory studies of carbonaceous dust analogues. In Witt, A. N., Clayton, C., and Draine, B. T., eds., Astrophysics of Dust, ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 309, pp. 603–628.
Henning, T., and Stognienko, R. (1996). Dust opacities for protoplanetary accretion disks: influence of dust aggregates. A&A 311:291–303.
Herbst, U. (2009). Über die AGB-Entwicklung metallfreier und extrem metallarmer Sterne mittlerer Masse. Ph.D. Thesis, Universität Heidelberg.
Herwig, F. (2001). Internal mixing and surface abundance of [WC]-CSPN. Ap&SS 275:15–26.
Herwig, F. (2006). Evolution of asymptotic giant branch stars. ARA&A 43:435–479.
Herzberg, G. (1950). Spectra of Diatomic Molecules. New York.
Hill, S., and Willson, L. (1979). Theoretical velocity structures of long-period variables star photospheres. ApJ 229:1029–1045.
Hirschfelder, J., Curtiss, C., and Bird, R. (1954). Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids. Wiley, New York.
Hoffmeister, C., Richter, G., and Wenzel, W. (1990). Veränderliche Sterne, 3rd ed. Barth, Leipzig.
Höfner, S., and Dorfi, E. A. (1997). Dust formation in winds of long-period variables. IV. Atmospheric dynamics and mass loss. A&A 319:648–654.
Höfner, S., Feuchtinger, M. U., and Dorfi, E. A. (1995). Dust formation in winds of long-period variables. III. Dynamical models and confirmation of a dust-induced k-mechanism. A&A 297:815–827.
Höfner, S., Fleischer, A. J.Gauger, A., Feuchtinger, M. U., Dorfi, E. A., Winters, J. M., and Sedlmayr, E. (1996). Dynamical models of atmospheres of long-period variables: A comparative study. A&A 314:204–208.
Höfner, S., Gautschy-Loidl, R., Aringer, B., and Jørgensen, U. G. (2003). Dynamic model atmospheres of AGB stars. III. Effects of frequency-dependent radiative transfer. A&A 399:589–601.
Hollenbach, D., and McKee, F. (1979). Molecule formation and infrared emission in fast interstellar shocks. I. Physical processes. ApJS 41:555–592.
Holzer, T., Flå, T., and Leer, E. (1983). Alfvén waves in stellar winds. ApJ 275:808–835.
Holzer, T. E., and MacGregor, K. B. (1985). Mass loss mechanisms for cool, low-gravity stars. In Morris, M., and Zuckerman, B., eds., Mass Loss from Red Giants, pp. 229–255. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Hony, S., Waters, L. B. F. M., and Tielens, A. G. G. M. (2002). The carrier of the 30 μm emission feature in evolved stars. A simple model using magnesium sulfide. A&A 390:533–553.
Hoyle, F., and Wickramasinghe, N. C. (1962). On graphite particles as interstellar grains. MNRAS 124:417–433.
Hoyle, F., and Wickramasinghe, N. C. (1970). Dust in supernova explosions. Nature 226:62–63.
Huffman, D. R., and Stapp, J.-L. (1973). Optical measurements on solids of possible interstellar importance. In Greenberg, J. M., and van de Hulst, H. C., eds., Interstellar Dust and Related Topics, IAU Symposium 52, pp. 297–301. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Hughes, S. M. G. (1989). Long-period variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud. I: Search and discovery. AJ 97:1634–1687.
Hughes, S. M. G., and Wood, P. R. (1990). Long-period variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud. II: Infrared photometry, spectral classification, AGB evolution, and spatial distribution. AJ 99:784–816.
Hutcheon, I. D., Huss, G. R., Fahey, A. J., and Wasserburg, G. J. (1994). Extreme 26Mg and 170 enrichments in Orgueil corundum: Identification of a presolar oxide grain. ApJ 425:L97–L100.
Inaba, H., Tachibana, S., Nagahara, H., and Ozawa, K. (2001). Condensation kinetics of forsterite. 32nd Lunar and Planetary Institute Conference p. 1837.
Israelian, G., Ecuvillon, A., Rebolo, R., García-López, R., Bonifacio, P., and Molaro, P. (2004). Galactic evolution of nitrogen. A&A 421:649–658.
Jäger, C., Mutschke, H., Begemann, B., Dorschner, J., and Henning, T. (1994). Steps toward interstellar silicate mineralogy I. Laboratory results of a silicate glass of mean cosmic composition. A&A 292:641–655.
Jäger, C., Mutschke, H., and Henning, T. (1998). Optical properties of cabonaceous dust analogues. A&A 332:291–299.
Jaschek, K., and Jaschek, M. (1987). The Classification of Stars. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Jeong, K. S. (2000). Dust shells around oxygen-rich Miras and long-period variables. Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Berlin.
Jeong, K. S., Chang, C., Sedlmayr, E., and Suelzle, D. (2000). Electronic structure investigation of neutral titanium oxide molecules TixOy. J. Phys. B 33:3417–3430.
Jeong, K. S., Winters, J. M., Le Bertre, T., and Sedlmayr, E. (2003). Self-consistent modeling of the outflow from the O-rich Mira IRC-20197. A&A 407:191–206.
Jones, A. P. (2004). Dust destruction processes. In Witt, A. N., Clayton, G. C., and Draine, B. T., eds., Astrophysics of Dust, pp. 347–367. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco.
Jones, A. P., Tielens, A. G. G. M., and Hollenbach, D. J. (1996). Grain shattering in shocks: The interstellar grain size distribution. ApJ 469:740–764.
Jones, T. J., Hyland, A. R., and Gatley, I. (1983). Type II OH/IR masers. III: The database. ApJ 273:660–668.
Jones, T. W., and Merrill, K. M. (1976). Model Dust Envelopes around late-type stars. ApJ 209:509–524.
Jonsell, K., Edvardsson, B., Gustafsson, B., Magain, P., Nissen, P. E., and Asplund, M. (2005). Chemical abundances in 43 metal-poor stars. A&A 440:321–343.
Jørgensen, U., and Johnson, H. (1992). Radiative force on molecules and its possible role for mass loss in evolved AGB stars. A&A 265:168–176.
Jura, M. (1983). The dust around the carbon star IRC +10216. ApJ 267:647–652.
Jura, M. (1984). Multiple circumstellar shells and radiation pressure on grains in the outflows from late-type giants. ApJ 282:200–205.
Jura, M. (1986). Mass loss from carbon stars. ApJ 303:327–332.
Jura, M. (1994). The particle-size distribution in the dust ejected from IRC+10216. ApJ 434:713–718.
Jura, M. (1996). Dust particle size distributions around oxygen-rich mass-losing red giants. ApJ 472:806–811.
Justtanont, K., Olofsson, G., Dijkstra, C., and Meyer, A. W. (2006). Near-infrared observations of water-ice in OH/IR stars. A&A 450:1051–1059.
Karakas, A. I., Latanzio, J. C., and Pols, O. (2002). Parameterising the third dredge-up in asymptotic giant branch stars. Pub. Astron. Soc. Australia 19:515–526.
Keady, J. J., Hall, D. N. B., and Ridgway, S. T. (1988). The IRC+10216 circumstellar envelope. I: Models for the dust and gas. ApJ 326:832–842.
Keeley, D. (1970). Dynamical models of long-period variable stars. ApJ 161:657–667.
Keller, R. (1987). Polyaromatic hydrocarbons and the condensation of carbon in stellar winds. In Leger, A., D'Hendecourt, L., and Boccara, N., eds., NATO ASIC Proc. 191: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Astrophysics, pp. 387–397.
Kerschbaum, F., and Hron, J. (1992). Semiregular variables of type SRa and SRb. Basic properties in the visual and the IRAS range. A&A 263:97–112.
Kerschbaum, F., Olofsson, H., Posch, T., González Delgado, D., Bergman, P., Mutschke, H., Jäger, C., Dorschner, J., and Schöier, F. (2003). Gas and dust mass loss of O-rich AGB stars. In Schielicke, R. E., ed., Reviews in Modern Astronomy, 16:171–189.
Kholopov, P., Samus, N., Frolov, M., Goranskij, V., Gorynya, N., Karitskaya, E., Kazarovets, E., Kireeva, N., Kukarkina, N., Kurochkin, N., Medvedeva, G., Pastukhova, E., Perova, N., Rastorguev, A., and Shugarov, S. (1985-1988). General Catalogue of Variable Stars, Vols Annalen. I-III, 4th ed. Nauka, Moscow.
Kimura, Y., and Kaito, C. (2003). Titanium carbide particles as pre-solar grains. MNRAS 343:385–389.
Kippenhahn, R., and Weigert, A. (1990). Stellar Structure and Evolution. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Knabener, P., and Angermann, L. (2003). Numerical Methods for Elliptic and Parabolic Partial Differential Equations. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Knapp, G., Phillips, T., Leighton, R., Lo, K., Wannier, P., Wootten, H., and Huggins, P. (1982). Mass loss from evolved stars. I: Observations of 17 stars in the CO/2-1/line. ApJ 252:616–634.
Knapp, G. R. (1985). Mass loss from evolved stars. IV: The dust-to-gas ratio in the envelopes of Mira variables and carbon stars. ApJ 293:273–280.
Knapp, G. R. (1986). Mass loss from evolved stars. VI: Mass-loss mechanisms and luminosity evolution. ApJ 311:731–741.
Knapp, G. R. (1987). Mass loss from carbon stars: Observations of the CO millimeter wavelength rotational lines. In Kwok, S., and Pottasch, S. R., eds., Late Stages of Stellar Evolution, pp. 103–118. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Knapp, G. R., and Morris, M. (1985). Mass loss from evolved stars. III: Mass loss rates for 50 stars from CO J = 1 - 0 observations. ApJ 292:640–669.
Koike, C., Hasegawa, H., and Manabe, A. (1980). Extinction coefficients of amorphous carbon grains from 2100 A to 340 microns. ApSS 67:495–502.
Koike, C., Kaito, C., Yamamoto, T., Shibai, H., Kimura, S., and Suto, H. (1995). Extinction spectra of corundum in the wavelengths from UV to FIR. Icarus 114:203–214.
Koninx, J., and Hearn, A. (1992). The role of sound waves in Be-star winds. A&A 263:208–218.
Koninx, J.-P., and Pijpers, F. (1992). The applicability of the linearized theory of sound wave driven winds. A&A 265:183–194.
Koros, R. M., Deckers, J. M., Andres, R. P., and Boudart, M. (1966). The sticking probability of water on ice. Chem. Eng. Sci. 21:941–950.
Kozasa, T., and Hasegawa, (1988). Formation of iron-bearing materials in a cooling gas of solar composition. Icarus 73:180–190.
Kozasa, T., Hasegawa, H., and Nomoto, K. (1989). Formation of dust grains in the ejecta of SN 1987A. ApJ 344:325–331.
Kozasa, T., Hasegawa, H., and Seki, J. (1984). Grain formation in the expanding gas flow around cool luminous stars. Ap&SS 98:61–79.
Kretz, R. (1983). Symbols for rock-forming minerals. Am. Mineralog. 68:277–279.
Krügel, E. (2003). The Physics of Interstellar Dust. Institute of Physics (IOP), Bristol, UK.
Krüger, D., Gauger, A., and Sedlmayr, E. (1994). Two-fluid models for stationary dust-driven winds. I: Momentum and energy balance. A&A 290:573–589.
Krüger, D., and Sedlmayr, E. (1997). Two-fluid models for stationary dust driven winds. II: The grain size distribution in consideration of drift. A&A 321:557–567.
Kruszewski, A., Gehrels, T., and Serkowski, K. (1968). Wavelength dependence of polarization. XII: Red variables. AJ 73:677–687.
Kudritzki, R., and Puls, J. (2000). Winds from hot stars. ARA&A 38:613–666.
Kwok, S. (1975). Radiation pressure on grains as a mechanism for mass loss in red giants. ApJ 198:583–591.
Kwok, S. (1981). From red giants to planetary nebulae. In Iben, I. Jr., and Renzini, A., eds., Physical Processes in Red Giants, Vol. 88 of Astrophysics and Space Science Library, pp. 421–425.
Lafon, J.-P., and Berruyer, N. (1991). Mass loss mechanisms in evolved stars. A&A Rev. 2:249–289.
Lambert, D., Gustafsson, B., Eriksson, K., and Hinkle, K. H. (1986). The chemical composition of carbon stars. I: Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in 30 cool carbon stars in the galactic disk. ApJS 62:373–425.
Lamers, H. J. G. L. M., and Cassinelli, J. P. (1999). Introduction to Stellar Winds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Landau, L. D., and Lifshitz, E. M. (1960). Electrodynamics of Continuous Media, Vol. VIII of Course of Theoretical Physics. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
Landau, L. D., and Lifshitz, E. M. (1987). Fluid Mechanics, 2nd ed., Vol. VI of Course of Theoretical Physics. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
Laor, A., and Draine, B. T. (1993). Spectroscopic constraints on the properties of dust in active galactic nuclei. ApJ 402:441–468.
Lattanzio, C., and Wood, P. (2003). Evolution, nucleosynthesis and pulsation of AGB stars. In Habing, H., and Olofsson, H., eds., Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars, pp. 23–104. Springer, Berlin.
Lattimer, J. M., Schramm, D. N., and Grossman, L. (1978). Condensation in supernova ejecta and isotopic anomalies in meteorites. ApJ 219:230–249.
Le Bertre, T. (1997). Optical and infrared observations of 23 carbon-rich stars. Modelling of the circumstellar shells. A&A 324:1059–1070.
Le Bertre, T., Gougeon, S., and Le Sidaner, P. (1995). The properties of the dust in the circumstellar environment of GL 3068. A&A 299:791–802.
Le Bertre, T., Tanaka, M., Yamamura, I., and Murakami, H. (2003). Galactic mass-losing AGB stars probed with the IRTS, II. A&A 403:943–954.
Le Bertre, T., and Winters, J. M. (1998). On the relations between infrared colors and mass loss rates for Mira stars. A&A 334:173–180.
Le Sidaner, P., and Le Bertre, T. (1993). Optical and infrared observations of two oxygen-rich Miras: Dust shell modelling as a function of phase. A&A 278:167–178.
Le Sidaner, P., and Le Bertre, T. (1996). Optical and infrared observations of 27 oxygen-rich stars: Modelling of the circumstellar dust shells. A&A 314:896–908.
Lebzelter, T., Posch, T., Hinkle, K., Wood, P. R., and Bouwman, J. (2006). Tracing the development of dust around evolved stars: The case of 47 Tuc. ApJ 653:L145–L148.
Lewis, R., Tang, M., Wacker, J., Anders, E., and Steel, E. (1987). Interstelllar diamonds in meteorites. Nature 326:160–162.
Li, A. (2005). On the absorption and emission properties of interstellar grains. In The Spectral Energy Distributions of Gas-Rich Galaxies: Confronting Models with Data, AIP Conf. Proc. 761, pp. 123–133.
Li, J., Zhao, Z., Kazakov, A., and Dryer, F. L. (2004). An updated comprehensive kinetic model of hydrogen combustion. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 36:566–575.
Lichtenegger, H. I. M., and Kömle, N. I. (1991). Heating and evaporation of icy particles in the vicinity of comets. Icarus 90:319–325.
Lide, R. (1995). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 78th ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Liffman, K., and Clayton, D. D. (1989). Stochastic evolution of refractory interstellar dust during the chemical evolution of a two-phase interstellar medium. ApJ 340:853–868.
Lodders, K., and Amari, S. (2005). Presolar grains from meteorites: Remnants from the early times of the solar system. Chemie der Erde 65:93–166.
Lorentz, H. A. (1906). Versuch einer Theorie der Electrischen und Optischen Erscheinungen in bewegten Körpern. Teubner, Leipzig.
Loreta, E. (1934). Nota sulle stelle variabili R Coronidi. Astron. Nachr. 254:151.
Loup, C., Forveille, T., Omont, A., and Paul, J. F. (1993). CO and HCN observations of circumstellar envelopes. A catalogue—Mass loss rates and distributions. A&A 99:291–377.
Lucy, I. B., Robertson, J. A., and Sharp, C. M. (1986). Hayashi limits for carbon stars and the onset of dust-driven winds. A&A 154:267–273.
Lucy, L. B. (1971). The formation of resonance lines in extended atmospheres. ApJ 163:95–110.
Lucy, L. B., (1976). Mass loss by cool carbon stars. ApJ 205:482–491.
Lynch, D. K. (1996). A new model for the infrared dielectric function of amorphous materials. ApJ 467:894–898.
MacGregor, K. B., and Stencel, R. E. (1992). On the interaction between dust and gas in late-type stellar atmospheres and winds. ApJ 397:644–651.
MacKay, D. D. S., and Charnley, S. B. (1999). The silicon chemistry of IRC+100216. MNRAS 302:793–800.
Maeder, A., and Meynet, G. (1989). Grids of evolutionary models from 0.85 to 120 MQ: Observational tests and the mass limits. A&A 210:155–173.
Magain, P. (1989). The chemical composition of the extreme halo stars. I: Blue spectra of 20 dwarfs. A&A 209:211–225.
Mamon, G. A., and Glassgold, A. E. (1987). Photochemistry and molecular ions in oxygen-rich circumstellar envelopes. ApJ 323:306–315.
Marinov, N. M., Pitz, W., Westbrook, C. K., Castaldi, M., and Senkan, S. M. (1996). Modeling of aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in premixed methane and ethane flames. Combust. Sci. Tech. 116:211–287.
Marinov, N. M., Westbrook, C. K., and Pitz, W. (1995). Detailed and global chemical kinetics model for hydrogen. In Eight Symposium on Transport Processes 1:118–129.
Maron, N. (1990). Optical properties of fine amorphous carbon grains in the infrared region. Ap&SS 172:21–28.
Mathis, J. S., Rumpl, W., and Nordsieck, K. H. (1977). The size distribution of interstellar grains. ApJ 217:425–433.
Matteucci, F. (2003). The Chemical Evolution of the Galaxy. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Mauron, N., and Huggins, P. (1999). Multiple shells in the circumstellar envelope of IRC+10216. A&A 349:203–208.
Mauron, N., and Huggins, P. (2000). Multiple shells in IRC+10216: Shell properties. A&A 359:707–715.
Mauron, N., and Huggins, P. (2006). Imaging the circumstellar envelopes of AGB stars. A&A 452:257–268.
Maxwell-Garnett, J. C. (1908). Colours in metal glasses and in metallic films. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A203:385–420.
Mayall, M. W. (1960). R Coronae Borealis. J. R. Astr. Soc. Canada, Variable Star Notes 54:193–196.
McEnally, C. S., Pfefferle, L. D., Atakan, B., and Kohse-Köinhaus, K. (2006). Studies of aromatic hydrocarbon formation mechanisms in flames: Progress towards closing the fuel gap. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 32:247–294.
Mendybaev, R. A., Beckett, J. R., Grossman, L., and Stolper, E. (1998). Measurement of oxygen fugacities under reducing conditions: Non-Nernstian behavior of Y2O3-doped zirconia oxygen sensors. In 29th Lunar and Planetary Institute Conference, p. 1871.
Menietti, J. D., and Fix, J. D. (1978). Models of mass flows from cool, luminous stars. ApJ 224:961–968.
Mennessier, M. O., and Omont, A., eds. (1990). From Miras to Planetary Nebulae: Which Path for Stellar Evolution?, Editions Frontières, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
Messenger, S., Keller, L. P., Staderman, F. J., Walker, R. M., and Zinner, E. (2003). Samples of stars beyond the solar system: Silicate grains in interplanetary dust. Science 300:105–108.
Messenger, S., Keller, L. P., and Walker, R. M. (2002). Discovery of abundant interstellar silicates in cluster IDPs. In 33rd Lunar and Planetary Institute Conference p. 1887.
Meynet, G., Maeder, A., Schaller, G., Schaerer, D., and Charbonnel, C. (1994). Grids of massive stars with high mass loss rates. V: From 12 to 120 M0 at Z = 0.001, 0.004, 0.008, 0.020 and 0.040. A&AS 103:97–105.
Mie, G. (1908). Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen. Anna. Phys. 25:377–445.
Mihalas, D. (1978). Stellar Atmospheres, 2nd ed. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.
Mihalas, D., and Hummer, D. (1974). Theory of Extended Stellar Atmospheres, ApJS 28:343–372.
Mihalas, D., and Weibel Mihalas, B. (1984). Foundations of Radiation Hydrodynamics. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Millar, T. (2003). Molecule and dust grain formation. In Habing, H., and Olofsson, H., eds., Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars, pp. 247–289. Springer, Berlin.
Millar, T. J., Herbst, E., and Bettens, R. P. A. (2000). Large molecules in the envelope surrounding IRC+10216. MNRAS 316:195–203.
Miller, J. A., Pilling, M. J., and Troe, J. (2005a). Unravelling combustion mechanisms through a quantitative understanding of elementary reactions. Proc. Combust. Inst. 30:43–88.
Miller, T. A., Wooldridge, M. S., and Bozzelli, J. W. (2005b). Computational modeling of the SiH3 + O2 reaction and silane combustion. Combust. Flame 137:73–92.
Millikan, R. C., and White, D. R. (1964). Systematics of vibrational relaxation. J. Chem. Phys. 39(4): 3209–3213.
Molster, F. (2000a). Crystalline silicates: New probes of circumstellar dust conditions? In ESA SP-456: ISO Beyond the Peaks: 2nd ISO Workshop on Analytical Spectroscopy, p. 151.
Molster, F. J. (2000b). Crystalline silicates in circumstellar dust shells. Ph.D. Thesis, FNWI, Sterrenkundig Instituut Anton Pannekoek, Postbus 19268, 1000 GG, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Molster, F. J., and Waters, L. B. F. M. (2003). The mineralogy of interstellar and circumstellar dust. In Henning, T., ed., Astromineralogy, Vol. 609 of Lecture Note in Physics, pp. 121–170.
Molster, F. J., Waters, L. B. F. M., and Tielens, A. G. G. M. (2002a). Crystalline silicate dust around evolved stars. II: The crystalline silicate complexes. A&A 382:222–240.
Molster, F. J., Waters, L. B. F. M., Tielens, A. G. G. M., and Barlow, M. J. (2002b). Crystalline silicate dust around evolved stars. I: The sample stars. A&A 382:184–221.
Molster, F. J., Waters, L. B. F. M., Tielens, A. G. G. M., Koike, C., and Chihara, H. (2002c). Crystalline silicate dust around evolved stars. III: A correlations study of crystalline silicate features. A&A 382:241–255.
Morris, M. (1987). Mechanisms for mass loss from cool stars. PASP 99:1115–1122.
Morse, M. D. (1986). Clusters of transition-metal atoms. Chem. Rev. 86:1049–1109.
Mostefaoui, S., and Hoppe, P. (2004). Discovery of abundant in situ silicate and spinel grains from red giat stars in a primitive meteorite. ApJ 613:L149–L152.
Mowlavi, N., and Meynet, G. (2000). Aluminum 26 production in asymptotic giant branch stars. A&AS 361:959–976.
Mutschke, H., Andersen, A. C., Clément, D., Henning, T., and Peiter, G. (1999). Infrared properties of SiC particles. A&A 345:187–202.
Nagahara, H., Kushiro, I., and Mysen, B. (1994). Evaporation of olivine: Low pressure phase relations of the olivine system and its implication for the origin of chondritic components in the solar nebula. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58:1951–1963.
Nagahara, H., Kushiro, I., Mysen, B., and Mori, H. (1988). Experimental vaporization and condensation of olivine solid solution. Nature 331:516–518.
Nagahara, H., and Ozawa, K. (1994). Vaporization rate of forsterite in hydrogen gas. Meteoritics 29:508–509.
Nagahara, H., and Ozawa, K. (1996). Evaporation of forsterite in H2 gas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60:1445–1459.
Nagasawa, H., Suzuki, T., Ito, M., and Morioka, M. (2001). Diffusion in single crystal of melilite: interdiffusion of Al+Alvs.Mg+Si.Phys. Chem. Minerals 28:706–710.
Netzer, N., and Elitzur, M. (1993). The dynamics of stellar outflows dominated by interaction of dust and radiation. ApJ 410:701–713.
Netzer, N., and Knapp, G. (1987). Mass loss from evolved stars. VII: OH maser shell radii and mass-loss rates for OH/IR stars. ApJ 323:734–748.
Neugebauer, G., and Leighton, R. B. (1969). Two-micron sky survey; a preliminary catalog. NASA Special Publication 3047.
Nguyen, A. N., and Zinner, E. (2004). Discovery of ancient silicate stardust in a meteorite. Science 303:1496–1499.
Nichols, R. H. Jr., Grimley, R. T., and Wasserburg, G. J. (1998). Measurement of gas-phase species during Langmuir evaporation of forsterite. Meteoritics 33:A115.
Nichols, R. H. Jr., Wasserburg, G. J., and Grimley, R. T. (1995). Evaporation of forsterite: Identification of gas-phase species via Knudsen cell mass spectrometry. In 26th Lunar and Planetary Institute Conference p. 1047.
Nittler, L., and Alexander, C. (1999). Automatic identification of presolar Al- and Ti-rich oxide grains from ordinary chondrites. In 30th Lunar and Planetary Institute Conference p. 2041.
Nittler, L. R., Alexander, C., Gao, X., Walker, R. M., and Zinner, E. (1994). Interstellar oxide grains from the Tieschitz ordinary chondrite. Nature 370:443–446.
Nittler, L. R., Hoppe, P., Alexander, C. O., Amari, S., Eberhardt, P., Gao, X., Lewis, R. S., Strebel, R., Walker, R. M., and Zinner, E. (1995). Silicon nitride from supernovae. ApJ 453:L25–L28.
Nomoto, K., Thielemann, F.-K., and Yokoi, K. (1984). Accreting white dwarf models of type I supernovae. III: Carbon deflagration supernovae. ApJ 286:644–658.
Nozawa, T., Kozasa, T., Umeda, H., Maeda, K., and Nomoto, K. (2003). Dust in the early universe: Dust formation in the ejecta of population III supernovae. ApJ 598:785–803.
Nuth, J. A., and Donn, B. (1981). Vibrational disequilibrium in low pressure clouds. ApJ 247:925–935.
Nuth, J. A., and Donn, B. (1982). Experimental studies of the vapor phase nucleation of refractory compounds. I: The condensation of SiO. J. Chem. Phys. 77:2639–2646.
Nuth, J. A., and Ferguson, F. T. (2006). Silicates do nucleate in oxygen-rich circumstellar outflows: New vapor pressure data for SiO. ApJ 649:1178–1183.
Olivier, E. A. and Wood, P. R., (2005). Non-linear pulsation models of red giants, MNRAS, 362:1396–1412.
O'Keefe, J. A. (1939). Remarks on Loreta's hypothesis concerning R Coronae Borealis. ApJ 90:294–300.
Olofsson, H. (2003). Circumstellar envelopes. In Habing, H., and Olofsson, H., eds., Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars, pp. 325–410. Springer, Berlin.
Olofsson, H., Bergman, P., Lucas, R., Eriksson, K., Gustafsson, B., and Bieging, J. H. (1998). A thin molecular shell around the carbon star TT CYG. A&A 330:L1–L4.
Olofsson, H., Bergman, P., Lucas, R., Eriksson, K., Gustafsson, B., and Bieging, J. H. (2000). A high-resolution study of episodic mass loss from the carbon star TT Cygni. A&A 353:583–597.
Olofsson, H., Carlstrom, U., Eriksson, K., Gustafsson, B., and Willson, L. A. (1990). Bright carbon stars with detached circumstellar envelopes: A natural consequence of helium shell flashes?A&A 230:L13–L16.
Olofsson, H., Eriksson, K., and Gustafsson, B. (1987). CO (J = 1 — 0) observations of bright carbon stars. A&A 183:L13–L16.
Olofsson, H., Eriksson, K., Gustafsson, B., and Carlström, U. (1993a). A study of circumstellar envelopes around bright carbon stars. I: Structure, kinematics, and mass loss rate. ApJS 87:267–304.
Olofsson, H., Eriksson, K., Gustafsson, B., and Carlström, U. (1993b). A study of circumstellar envelopes around bright carbon stars. II: molecular abundances. ApJS 87:305–330.
Ossenkopf, V., Henning, T., and Mathis, J. S. (1992). Constraints on cosmic silicates. A&A 261:567–578.
Osterbrock, D. (1974). Astrophysics of gaseous nebulae. In Interstellar Processes. Kluwer, Dodrecht.
Ostlie, D., and Cox, A. (1986). A linear survey of the Mira variable star instability region of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. ApJ 311:864–872.
Owocki, S. P. (1990). Winds from hot stars. In Klare, G., ed., Reviews in Modern Astronomy, Vol. 3 of Reviews in Modern Astronomy, pp. 98–123.
Owocki, S. P., Poe, C. H., and Castor, J. I. (1988). Absolute instability as a cause of intrinsic variablity in line-driven stellar winds. Bull. Am. Astronom. Soc. 20: 1013.
Ozawa, K., and Nagahara, H. (2000). Kinetics of diffusion-controlled evaporation of Fe-Mg olivine: Experimental study and implication for stability of Fe-rich olivine in the solid nebula. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64:939–955.
Palik, E. D. (1985). Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids., Vols. I, II, III. Academic Press, New York.
Parker, E. (1958). Dynamics of the interplanetary gas and magnetic fields. ApJ 128:664.
Patzer, A. (1998). Non-equilibrium effects on chemistry and dust formation in circumstellar outflows. Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Berlin.
Patzer, A. B. C. (2004). Dust nucleation in oxygen-rich environments. In Witt, A. N., Clayton, G. C., and Draine, B. T., eds., Astrophysics of Dust, pp. 301–320. Astronomical Society of the Pacifio, San Francisco.
Patzer, A. B. C., Chang, C., Sedlmayr, E., and Sülzle, D. (2005). A density functional staudy of small AlxOy (x, y = 1 — 4) clusters and their thermodynamic properties. Eur. Phys. J. D 32:329–337.
Patzer, A. B. C., Gauger, A., and Sedlmayr, E. (1998). Dust formation in stellar winds. VII: Kinetic nucleation theory for chemical non-equilibrium in the gas phase. A&A 337:847–858.
Pauldrach, A. (2003). Hot stars: Old-fashioned or trendy?Rev. Mod. Astron. 16:133–170.
Pauldrach, A., Kudritzki, R., Puls, J., Butler, K., and Hunsinger, J. (1994). Radiation-driven winds of hot luminous stars. XII: A first step toward detailed UV-line diagnostics of O-stars. A&A 283:525–560.
Petaev, M. I., and Wood, J. A. (2005). Meteoritic constraints on temperatures, pressures, cooling rates, chemical compositions and modes of condensation in the solar nebula. In Krot, A. N., Scott, E. R. D., and Reipurth, B., eds., Chondrites and the Protoplanetary Disk, Vol. 341 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, pp. 373–406.
Pigott, E. (1797). On the periodical changes of brightness of two fixed stars. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 87:133–141.
Pijpers, F. (1990). A model for the wind of the M supergiant VX Sagittarii. A&A 238:256–264.
Pijpers, F., and Habing, H. (1989). Driving the stellar wind of AGB stars by acoustic waves: Exploration of a simple model. A&A 215:334–346.
Pijpers, F., and Hearn, A. (1989). A model for the stellar wind driven by linear acoustic waves. A&A 209:198–210.
Pols, O. R., Schröder, K.-P., Hurley, J. R., Tout, C. A., and Eggleton, P. P. (1998). Stellar evolution models for Z = 0.0001 to 0.03. MNRAS 298:525–536.
Pols, O. R., Tout, C. A., Eggleton, P. P., and Han, Z. (1995). Approximate input physics for stellar modelling. MNRAS 274:964–974.
Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T., and Flannery, B. P. (2007). Numerical Recipes. The Art of Scientific Computing, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Price, S. D. (2009). Infrared sky surveys. Space Sci. Rev. 142:233–321.
Price, S.D., and Murdock, T. L. (1983). The revised Air Force Geophysical Laboratory infrared sky survey, AFGL-TR-0208 Environemental Research Papers, 161.
Pruppacher, H. R., and Klett, J. D. (1997). Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Pugach, A. F. (1977). On the connection between pulsations of RY Sgr and the total light declines. Inform. Bull. Variable Stars 1277:1–3.
Pugach, A. F. (1984). A model of the R-Coronae phenomenon. Soviet Astronomy 28:288–293.
Pugach, A. F. (1990). Interpretation of photometric observations of R-Coronae: Light-curves. Soviet Astronomy 34:646–649.
Pugach, A. F. (1991). Interpretation of photometric observations of R-Coronae: Color features. Soviet Astronomy 35:61–65.
Putnis, A. (2001). An Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Quarteroni, A., Sacco, R., and Saleri, F. (2000). Numerical Mathematics. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Reber, A. C., Clayborne, P. A., Reveles, J. U., Khanna, S. N., Castleman, A. W. Jr., and Ali, A. (2008a). Silicon oxide nanoparticles reveal the origin of silicate grains in circumstellar environments. Nano Letters 6:1190–1195.
Reber, A. C., Paranthaman, S., Clayborne, P. A., Khanna, S. N., and Castleman, A. W. Jr., (2008b). From SiO molecules to silicates in circumstellar space: Atomic structures, growth patterns, and optical signatures of SinOm clusters. Acsnano 2:1729–1737.
Reddy, B. E., Tomkin, J., Lambert, D. L., and Allende Prieto, C. (2003). The chemical composition of galactic disc F and G dwarf. MNRAS 340:304–340.
Reid, I. N., Hughes, S. M. G., and Glass, I. S. (1995). Long-period variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud. IV: A compendium of northern variables. MNRAS 275:331–380.
Reimers, D. (1973). A study of Ca II K2 and Hα line widths in late type stars. A&A 24:79–87.
Reimers, D. (1975). Circumstellar envelopes and mass loss of red giants. In Baschek, B., Kegel, W. H., and Traving, G., eds., Problems in Stellar Atmospheres and Envelopes, pp. 229–256. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Renzini, A. (1981). Red giants as precursors of planetary nebulae. In Iben, I. Jr., and Renzini, A., eds., Physical Processes in Red Giants, pp. 431–446. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Renzini, A. (1983). Red giants as precursors of planetary nebulae. In Flower, D., ed., IAU Symposium 103: Planetary Nebulae, pp. 267–279. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Richter, H., and Wood, P. R. (2001). On the shock-induced variability of emission lines in M-type Mira variables. I: Observational data. A&A 369:1027–1047.
Richter, H., Wood, P. R., Woitke, P., Bolick, U., and Sedlmayr, E. (2003). On the shock-induced variability of emission lines in M-type Mira variables. II: Fe II and [Fe II] emission lines as a diagnostic tool. A&A 400:319–328.
Richtmyer, R., and Morton, K. (1967). Difference Methods for Initial-Value Problems. Wiley, New York.
Ridgway, S., and Keady, J. J. (1988). The IRC+10216 circumstellar envelope. II: Spatial measurements of the dust. ApJ 326:843–858.
Ridgway, S. T., Joyce, R. R., White, N. M., and Wing, R. F. (1980). Effective temperatures of late-type stars: The field giants from K0 to M6. ApJ 235:126–137.
Rietmeijer, F. J. M., Nuth, J. A. III., and Karner, J. M. (1999). Metastable eutectic condensation in a Mg-Fe-SiO-H2-O2 vapor: Analogs to circumstellar dust. ApJ 527:395–404.
Rose, W. (1998). Advanced Stellar Astrophysics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Rothe, E. (1930). Zweidimensionale parabolische Randwertaufgaben als Grenzfall eindimensionaler Randwertaufgaben. Mathe. Ann. 102:650–670.
Rowan-Robinson, M., and Harris, S. (1983). Radiative transfer in dust clouds. 4: Circumstellar dust shells around carbon stars. MNRAS 202:797–811.
Russel, H. (1934). Molecules in the sun and stars. ApJ 79:317–342.
Rybicki, G. B. (1987). Radiation driven instabilities. In Lamers, H. J. G. L. M., and de Loore, C. W. H., eds., Instabilities in Luminous Early Type Stars, Vol. 136 of Astrophysics and Space Science Library, pp. 175–184.
Sahai, R. (1990). A new self-consistent model of circumstellar CO emission for deriving mass-loss rates in red giants. I: The carbon-rich star U Camelopardalis. ApJ 362:652–662.
Salpeter, E. E. (1974a). Formation and flow of dust grains in cool stellar atmospheres. ApJ 193:585–592.
Salpeter, E. E. (1974b). Nucleation and growth of dust grains. ApJ 193:579–584.
Salpeter, E. E. (1977). Formation and destruction of dust grains. ARA&A 15:267–293.
Sandin, C., and Höfner, S. (2003a). Three-component modeling of C-rich AGB star winds. I: Method and first results. A&A 398:253–266.
Sandin, C., and Höfner, S. (2003b). Three-component modeling of C-rich AGB star winds. II: The effects of drift in long-period variables. A&A 404:789–807.
Sandin, C., and Höfner, S. (2004). Three-component modeling of C-rich AGB star winds. III: Micro-physics of drift-dependent dust formation. A&A 413:789–798.
Saxena, S., Chatterjee, N., Fei, Y., and Shen, G. (1993). Thermodynamic Data on Oxides and Silicates. Springer, Heidelberg.
Saxena, S. K., and Eriksson, G. (1986). Chemistry of the formation of the terrestrial planets. In Saxena, S. K., ed., Chemistry and Physics of Terrestrial Planets, pp. 30–105. Springer, New York.
Schaaf, S. A. (1963). Mechanics of rarefied gases. In Flügge, S., ed., Handbook of Physics, Vol. 2 (Strömungsmechanik II), pp. 591–624. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Schäfer, K., ed. (1968). Landolt-Börnstein: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen, Vol. 5b. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Schaller, G., Schaerer, D., Meynet, G., and Maeder, A. (1992). New grid of stellar model from 0.8 to 120, M⊙ at Z = 0.020 and Z = 0.001. A&AS 96:269–331.
Schönberner, D. (1981). Late stages of stellar evolution: Central stars of planetary nebulae. A&A 103:119–130.
Schönberner, D., Steffen, M., Stahlberg, J., Kifonidis, K., and Blöcker, T. (2000). From the tip of the AGB towards a planetary: A hydrodynamical simulation. In Wing, R. F., ed., The Carbon Star Phenomenon, Vol. 177 of IAU Symposium, pp. 469–480.
Schröder, K.-P. (2003). Tip-AGB mass-loss on the galactic scale. Rev. Mod. Astron. 16:227–242.
Schröder, K.-P., and Cuntz, M. (2005). A new version of Reimers' law of mass loss based on a physical approach. ApJL 630:L73–L76.
Schröder, K.-P., and Sedlmayr, E. (2001). The galactic mass injection from cool stellar winds of the 1 to 2.5 M⊙ stars in the solar neighbourhood. A&A 366:913–922.
Schröder, K.-P., Winters, J. M., and Sedlmayr, E. (1999). Tip-AGB stellar evolution in the presence of a pulsating, dust-induced “superwind.” A&A 349:898–906.
Schwandt, C. S., Cygan, R. T., and Westrich, H. R. (1998). Magnesium self-diffusion in orthoenstatite. Contrib. Mineral Petrol 130:390–396.
Sedlmayr, E. (1990). Dust formation and stellar wind. In Mennessier, M., and Omont, A., eds., From Miras to Planetary Nebulae: Which Path for Stellar Evolution? pp. 179–185.
Sedlmayr, E., and Dominik, C. (1995). Dust driven winds. Space Sci. Rev. 73:211–272.
Sellgren, K., Werner, M. W., and Dinerstein, H. L. (1983). Extended near-infrared emission from visual reflection nebulae. ApJL 271:L13–L17.
Semenov, D., Henning, T., Helling, C., Ilgner, M., and Sedlmayr, E. (2003). Rosseland and Planck mean opacities for protoplanetary discs. A&A 410:611–621.
Serkowski, K., and Shawl, S. J. (2001). Polarimetry of 167 cool variable stars: Data. AJ 122:2017–2041.
Serrin, J. (1959). Mathematical principles of classical fluid mechanics. In Flügge, S., ed., Encyclopedia of Physics, Vol. VIII/1, Chapter 2, pp. 125–263. Springer, Berlin.
Sharp, C., and Huebner, W. (1990). Molecular equilibrium with condensation. ApJS 72:417–431.
Simis, Y. J. W., Icke, V., and Dominik, C. (2001). Origin of quasi-periodic shells in dust forming AGB winds. A&A 371:205–221.
Slavin, J. D., Jones, A. P., and Tielens, A. G. G. M. (2004). Shock processing of large grains in the interstellar medium. ApJ 614:796–806.
Sloan, G. C., Kraemer, K. E., Matsuura, M., Wood, P. R., Price, S. D., and Egan, M. P. (2006). Mid-infrared spectroscopy of carbon stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud. ApJ 645:1118–1130.
Smith, V. V., and Lambert, D. L. (1990). The chemical composition of red giants. III: Further CNO isotopic and s-process abundances in thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch stars. ApJS 72:387–416.
Smith, W. R., and Missen, R. W. (1982). Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Analysis: Theory and Algorithms. Wiley, New York.
Sogawa, H., and Kozasa, T. (1999). On the origin of crystalline silicate in circumstellar envelopes of oxygen-rich asymptotic giant branch stars. ApJ 516:L33–L36.
Sopka, R. J., Hildebrand, R., Jaffe, D. T., Gatley, I., Roelling, T., Werner, M., Jura, M., and Zuckerman, B. (1985). Submillimeter observations of evolved stars. ApJ 294:242–255.
Soubiran, C., and Girard, P. (2005). Abundance trends in kinematical groups of the Milky Way's disk. A&A 438:139–151.
Speck, A., Meixner, M., and Knapp, G. (2000). Circumstellar dust around post-AGB stars. In Laureijs, R., Leech, K., and Kessler, M., eds., ESA SP-455: ISO Beyond Point Sources: Studies of Extended Infrared Emission, pp. 83–88.
Steffen, M., Szczerba, R., and Schoenberner, D. (1998). Hydrodynamical models and synthetic spectra of circumstellar dustshells around AGB stars. II: Time-dependent simulations. A&A 337:149–177.
Stein, W. A., Gaustad, J. E., Gillett, F. C., and Knacke, R. F. (1969). Circumstellar infrared emission from two peculiar objects: R Aquarii and R Coronae Borealis. ApJL 155:L3–L7.
Steyer, T. (1974). Infrared optical properties of some solids of possible interest in astronomy and atmospheric physics. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson.
Stroud, R. M., Nittler, L. R., and Alexander, C. M. O. (2004). Polymorphism in presolar Al2O3 grains from asymptotic giant branch stars. Science 305:1455–1457.
Stull, D. R., and Prohet, H. (1971). JANAF thermochemical tables. NSRDS-NBS, Washington, DC.
Suh, S., Zachariah, M. R., and Girshick, S. L. (2001). Modeling particle formation during low-pressure silane oxidation: Detailed chemical kinetics and aerosol dynamics. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 19:940–951.
Tabak, R. G., Hirth, J. P., Meyrick, G., and Roark, T. P. (1975). The nucleation and expulsion of carbon particles formed in stellar atmospheres. ApJ 196:457–463.
Tachibana, S., Nagahara, H., and Ozawa, K. (2001). Condensation kinetics of metallic iron and its application to condensation of metal in the solar nebula. In 32nd Lunar and Planetary Institute Conference p. 1767.
Tachibana, S., Tsuchiyama, A., and Nagahara, H. (1998). An experimental study of incongruent evaporation of enstatite. In 29th Lunar and Planetary Institute Conference p. 1539.
Tachibana, S., Tsuchiyama, A., and Nagahara, H. (2000). Evaporation kinetics of enstatite and Mg/Si fractionation in the solar nebula. In 31st Lunar and Planetary Institute Conference p. 1588.
Tachibana, S., Tsuchiyama, A., and Nagahara, H. (2002). Experimental study of incongruent evaporation kinetics of enstatite in vacuum and in hydrogen gas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66:713–728.
Tanabe, T., Nakada, Y., Kamijo, F., and Sakata, A. (1983). Far-infrared absorption measurements of graphite, amorphous carbon, and silicon carbide. PASJ 35:397–404.
Tang, M., and Anders, E. (1988). Isotopic anomalies of Ne, Xe, and C in meteorites. II: Interstellar diamond and SiC: Carriers of exotic noble gases. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52:1235–1244.
Thorn, R. J., and Winslow, G. H. (1957). Vaporization coefficient of graphite and composition of the equilibrium vapor. J. Chem. Phys. 26:186–196.
Thronson, H., Latter, W., Black, J., Bally, J., and Hacking, P. (1987). Properties of evolved mass-losing stars in the Milky Way and variations in the interstellar dust composition. ApJ 322:770–786.
Tielens, A. G. G. M. (1983). Stationary flows in the circumstellar envelopes of M giants. ApJ 271:702–716.
Tielens, A. G. G. M. (1999). The destruction of interstellar dust. In Greenberg, J. M., and Li, A., eds., Formation and Evolution of Solids in Space, pp. 331–375, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Tielens, A. G. G. M., and Allamandola, L. J. (1987). Composition, structure, and chemistry of interstellar dust. In Hollenbach, D. J., and Thronson, H. A., eds., Interstellar Processes, pp. 397, Reidel, Dordrecht.
Tsang, W., and Hampson, R. F. (1986). Chemical kinetic data base for combustion chemistry. I: Methane and related compounds. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 15:1087–1279.
Tscharnuter, W. M., and Winkler, K.-H. (1979). A method for computing selfgravitating gas flows with radiation. Comput. Phys. Commun. 18:171–199.
Tsuchiyama, A., Tachibana, S., and Takahashi, T. (1999). Evaporation of forsterite in the primordial solar nebula: Rates and accompanied isotopic fractionation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63:2451–2466.
Tsuji, T. (1966). The atmospheric structure of late-type stars. I: physical properties of cool gaseous mixtures and the effect of molecular line absorption on stellar opacities. PASJ 18:127–173.
Tsuji, T. (1981a). Intrinsic properties of carbon stars. I: Effective temperature scale of N-type Carbon stars. J. Astrophys. Astron. 2:95–113.
Tsuji, T. (1981b). Intrinsic properties of carbon stars. II: Spectra, colours, and HR diagram of cool carbon stars. J. Astrophys. Astron. 2:253–276.
Ulrich, B. T., Neugebauer, G., McCammon, D., Leighton, R. B., Hughes, E. E., and Becklin, E. (1966). Further observations of extremely cool stars. ApJ 146:288–290.
Unno, W., and Kondo, M. (1976). The Eddington approximation generalized for radiative transfer in spherically symmetric systems. I: Basic method. PASJ 28:347–354.
van Loon, J., Groenewegen, M., de Koter, A., Trams, N., Waters, L., et al. (1999). Mass-loss rates and luminosity functions of dust-enshrouded AGB stars and red supergiants in the LMC. A&A 351:559–572.
Vassiliadis, E., and Wood, P. R. (1993). Evolution of low- and intermediate-mass stars to the end of the asymptotic giant branch with mass loss. ApJ 413:641–657.
Venn, K. A., Irwin, M., Shetrone, M. D., Tout, C. A., Hill, V., and Tolstoy, E. (2004). Stellar chemical signatures and hierarchical galaxy formation. AJ 128:1177–1195.
Vollmer, C., Hoppe, P., Brenker, F., and Palme, H. (2006). A complex presolar grain in acfer 094: Fingerprints of a circumstellar condensation sequence? In 37th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Vol.37 of Lunar and Planetary Institute Conference p. 1284.
Voshchinnikov, N. V., Videen, G., and Henning, T. (2007). Effective medium theories for irregular fluffy structures: aggregation of small particles. Appl. Opt. 46:4065–4072.
Wachter, A., Schröder, K.-P., Winters, J. M., Arndt, T. U., and Sedlmayr, E. (2002). An improved mass-loss description for dust-driven superwinds and tip-AGB evolution models. A&A 384:452–459.
Waelkens, C., and Waters, R. (2003). Post-AGB stars. In Habing, H., and Olofsson, H., eds., Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars, pp. 519–554. Springer, Berlin.
Wagenhuber, J., and Groenewegen, M. A. T. (1998). New input data for synthetic AGB evolution. A&A 340:183–195.
Walker, A. R. (1980). Infrared photometry of galactic carbon stars. MNRAS 190:543–549.
Wang, J., Davis, A. M., Clayton, R. N., and Hashimoto, A. (1999). Evaporation of single crystal forsterite: Evaporation kinetics, magnesium isotope fractionation, and implications of mass-dependent isotopic fractionation of a diffusion-controlled reservoir. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63:953–966.
Warnatz, J., Maas, U., and Dibble, R. W. (2006). Combustion, 4th ed. Springer, Berlin.
Warner, B. (1967). The hydrogen-deficient carbon stars. MNRAS 137:119–139.
Weidemann, V. (1987). The initial-final mass relation: Galactic disk and Magellanic Cloud. A&A 188:74–84.
Weidemann, V. (2000). Revision of the initial-to-final mass relation. A&A 363:647–656.
Weigelt, G., Balega, Y., Blöcker, T., Fleischer, A., Osterbart, R., and Winters, J. (1998). 76mas speckle-masking interferometry of IRC+10216 with the SAO 6m telescope: Evidence for a clumpy shell structure. A&A 333:L51–L54.
Whitelock, P., Feast, M., and Catchpole, R. (1991). IRAS sources and the nature of the galactic bulge. MNRAS 248:276–316.
Whitney, B. A., Balm, S. B., and Clayton, G. C. (1993). Dust formation in RCB stars. In Sasselov, D., ed., Luminous High Latitude Stars, pp. 115–122.
Whitney, B. A., Soker, N., and Clayton, G. C. (1991). Model for R Coronae Borealis stars. AJ 102:284–288.
Whittet, D. C. B. (1992). Dust in the Galactic Environment. Graduate Series in Astronomy. Institute of Physics (IOP), Bristol, UK.
Whittet, D. C. B. (2003). Dust in the Galactic Environment, 2nd ed. Institute of Physics (IOP), Bristol, UK.
Wickramasinghe, N. C. (1963). On graphite particles as intersellar grains, II. MNRAS 126:99–114.
Wickramasinghe, N. C. (1972). Interstellar dust. In Wickramasinghe, N. C., Kahn, F. D., and Mezger, P. G., eds., Interstellar Matter, Saas-Fee Advanced Course 2, pp. 209–340. Geneva Observatory.
Wickramasinghe, N. C., Donn, B. D., and Stecher, T. P. (1966). A mechanism for mass ejection in red giants. ApJ 146:590–593.
Wildt, R. (1933). Kondensation in Sternatmosphären. ZAp 6:345–354.
Willacy, K., and Cherchneff, I. (1998). Silicon and sulphur chemistry in the inner wind of IRC+10216. A&A 330:676–684.
Willacy, K., and Millar, T. J. (1997). Chemistry in oxygen-rich circumstellar envelopes. A&A 324:237–248.
Willson, L., and Bowen, G. (1985). Atmospheric structure and mass loss for pulsating stars. In Stalio, R., and Zirker, J., eds., Relations between Chromosperic-Coronal Heating and Mass Loss in Stars, pp. 127–176. Trieste Workshop Series, Trieste, Italy.
Willson, L., and Hill, S. (1979). Shock wave interpretation of emission lines in long period variable stars. II. Periodicity and mass loss. ApJ 228:854–869.
Willson, L. A. (2000). Mass loss from cool stars: Impact on the evolution of stars and stellar populations. ARA&A 38:573–611.
Wing, R. F., Baumert, J. H., Strom, S. E., and Strom, K. M. (1972). Infrared photometry of R Coronae Borealis during its recent decline. PASP 84:646–647.
Winters, J. M., Dominik, C., and Sedlmayr, E. (1994). Theoretical spectra of circumstellar dust shells around carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch stars. A&A 288:255–272.
Winters, J. M., Fleischer, A. J., Gauger, A., and Sedlmayr, E. (1995). Circumstellar dust shells around long-period variables. IV: Brightness profiles and spatial spectra of C-stars. A&A 302:483–496.
Winters, J. M., Fleischer, A. J., Le Bertre, T., and Sedlmayr, E. (1997). Circumstellar dust shells around long-period variables. V: A consistent time-dependent model for the extreme carbon star AFGL 3068. A&A 326:305–317.
Winters, J. M., Le Bertre, T., Jeong, K. S., Helling, C., and Sedlmayr, E. (2000). A systematic investigation of the mass loss mechanism in dust forming long-period variable stars. A&A 361:641–659.
Witteborn, F. C., Strecker, D. W., Erickson, E. F., Smith, S. M., Goebel, J. H., and Taylor, B. J. (1980). The spectrum of IRC +10216 from 2.0 to 8.5 microns. ApJ 238:577–584.
Woitke, P. (2000). Dust formation in radioactive environments. In Diehl, R., and Hartmann, D., eds., Astronomy with Radioactivities, pp. 163–174. MPE Report 274, Schloß Ringberg, Germany.
Woitke, P. (2006). Too little radiation pressure on dust in the winds of oxygen-rich AGB stars. A&A 460:L9–L12.
Woitke, P., Dominik, C., and Sedlmayr, E. (1993). Dust destruction in the transition region between stellar wind and interstellar medium. A&A 274:451–464.
Woitke, P., Goeres, A., and Sedlmayr, E. (1996a). On the gas temperature in the shocked circumstellar envelopes of pulsating stars. II: Shock induced condensation around R Coronae Borealis stars. A&A 313:217–228.
Woitke, P., Helling, C., Winters, J. M., and Jeong, K. S. (1999). On the formation of it warm molecular layers. A&A 348:L17–L20.
Woitke, P., Krüger, D., and Sedlmayr, E. (1996b). On the gas temperature in the shocked circumstellar envelopes of pulsating stars. I: Radiative heating and cooling rates. A&A 311:927–944.
Wolfire, M. G., and Cassinelli, J. P. (1986). The temperature structure in accretion flows onto massive protostars. ApJ 310:207–221.
Wood, B. J., and Kleppa, O. J. (1981). Thermochemistry offorsterite-fayalite olivine solutions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45:529–534.
Wood, P. (1979). Pulsation and mass loss in Mira variables. ApJ 227:220–231.
Wood, P. (1986). Long-period variables. In Cox, A. N., Sparks, W., and Starrfield, S., eds., Stellar Pulsation, pp. 250–259. Springer Lecture Notes in Physics No. 274, Springer, Berlin.
Wood, P. (1990a). Mira variables: Pulsation, mass loss and evolution. In Cacciari, C., and Clementini, G., eds., Confrontation between Stellar Pulsation and Evolution, pp. 355–364. In Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 11.
Wood, P. (1990b). Pulsation and evolution of Mira variables. In Mennessier, M. O., and Omont, A., eds., From Miras to Planetary Nebulae: Which Path for Stellar Evolution? pp. 67–84. Editions Frontières, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
Wood, P., and Cahn, J. (1977). Mira variables, mass loss, and the fate of red giant stars. ApJ 211:499–508.
Woolf, N. J., and Ney, E. P. (1969). Circumstellar infrared emission from cool stars. ApJ 155:L181–L184.
Ya'Ari, A., and Tuchman, Y. (1996). Long-term nonlinear thermal effects in the pulsation of Mira variables. ApJ 456:350–355.
Yamamoto, T., and Hasegawa, H. (1977). Grain formation through nucleation process in astrophysical environment. Prog. Theor. Phys. 58(3):816–828.
Yang, W. (2003). Improved recursive algorithm for light scattering by a multilayerd sphere. Appl. Opt. 42:1710–1720.
Zeldovich, Y. B. (1943). On the theory of new phase formation: cavitation. Acta Physicochim. 18:1–22.
Zeldovich, Y. B., and Raizer, Y. P. (2002). Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena. Dover Publications, Dover, UK.
Zhukovska, S., and Gail, H.-P. (2008). Condensation of MgS in outflows from carbon stars. A&A 486:229–237.
Zhukovska, S., Gail, H.-P., and Trieloff, M. (2008). Evolution of interstellar dust and stardust in the solar neighbourhood. A&A 479:453–480.
Zijlstra, A. A., Matsuura, M., Wood, P. R., et al. (2006). A Spitzer mid-infrared spectral survey of mass-losing carbon stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Monthly Notices R. Astr. Soc. 370:1961–1978.
Zuckerman, B. (1993). Carbon stars with excess emission at 60-micron wavelength. A&A 276:367–372.
Zuckerman, B., and Aller, L. H. (1986). Origin of planetary nebulae: Morphology, carbon-to-oxygen abundance ratios, and central star multiplicity. ApJ 301:772–789.
