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9 - How Infants Learn to Follow Attention from Gaze-Direction and Pointing Gestures

from Part One - Culture and Development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 June 2026

Mark A. Krause
Affiliation:
Southern Oregon University
Kim A. Bard
Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Dearborn
David A. Leavens
Affiliation:
University of Sussex
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Summary

Joint attention has steadily expanded as a topic in studies of typical and atypical social development. The phenomenon has sparked research in comparative signaling, social behavior, human-centered robotics, and more. This review examines forty years of experimental and observational studies of attention-following by infants, taken mostly from "WEIRD" samples and settings. The chapter focuses on, and compares, infants’ responses to two common attention-specifying cues from caregivers and others: gaze shifts to a new fixation target, and manual pointing gestures towards distal targets. After considering definitions and methodological issues, the chapter summarizes evidence regarding infants’ developing responses to others’ gaze shifts and to their manual pointing actions. It also considers contextual factors that might modulate infants’ response to gaze and/or pointing cues, including setting (e.g., home vs. lab), caregiver variables and the caregiving context, and differences in the action context around attention-sharing episodes. The available evidence highlights factors and processes relating to age, individual, and cultural differences in gaze and pointing followed by infants and toddlers. The chapter also underscores topics for further inquiry, including learning mechanisms, contexts of interactions, and socio-cultural diversity in the development of attention-sharing practices.

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