This chapter presses the case against the “independence” thesis by pointing out that for Kant there are only two forms of practical reason, merely empirical practical reason governed by the goal of prudence in the pursuit of happiness, and pure practical reason, which leads to morality. Since Kant is explicit that the goal of just government is not the happiness of its subjects, it cannot be founded in prudence and empirical practical reason. It can only be grounded on pure practical reason, the goal of which is the equal, maximal freedom of all, in the guise of humanity as the end in itself. The second half of the chapter continues the argument of Chapter 4: the moral demand on political leadership makes sense only if the goals of government are themselves determined by morality, that is, by pure practical reason.