Transcript Conventions in Conversation Analysis (Adapted from Schegloff, 2000)

I. Temporal and sequential relationships

[hey that] Bracketing indicates overlapping talk

• = 'latched utterances' no break or pause between utterances

• (0.5) Numbers in parentheses indicate silence, represented in tenths of a second

• (.) A dot in parentheses indicates a 'micropause'

II. Aspects of speech delivery, including aspects of intonation

• A. The punctuation marks are not used grammatically, but to indicate intonation.

• . period indicates a falling intonation contour, not necessarily the end of a sentence.

• ? question mark indicates rising intonation.

• , a comma indicates 'continuing' intonation.

• ; a semicolon is used to indicate a rise greater than a comma but less than a question mark.

• :: Colons are used to indicate the prolongation or stretching of the sound just preceding them. The more colons, the longer the stretching.

• - A hyphen after a word or part of a word indicates a cut-off or self-interruption

• word Underlining is used to indicate some form of stress or emphasis, either by increased loudness or higher pitch.

• WOrd Especially loud talk may be indicated by upper case; again, the louder, the more letters in upper case. And in extreme cases, upper case may be underlined.

• ◦ The degree sign indicates that the talk following it was markedly quiet or soft.

• ↑↓ The up and down arrows mark sharper rises or falls in pitch.

• >< The combination of 'more than' and 'less than' symbols indicates that the talk between them is compressed or rushed.