7 - Crime
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 November 2020
Summary
Chapter 7 describes how interwar sociologists, together with social psychologists and legal scholars, swapped out environmental explanations for the biological accounts. In the early postwar decades, the overall explanatory frame remained environmental, though low-income and subcultural factors had, by the 1950s, largely supplanted immigration and urbanization. New philanthropic attention to delinquency helped guide the federal government's adoption of community action programs under the Democratic administrations of the 1960s, with heavy involvement from social scientists. Johnson's twinned Wars on Poverty and Crime were, at least initially, predicated on the postwar consensus that the root causes of crime were social. An uptick in crime and the urban riots put Johnson and the Great Society's social policies on the defensive-as Republicans refined a racialized backlash politics of “law and order.” By the late 1960s a handful of social scientists had launched high-profile attacks on the prevailing criminological mainstream, coinciding with a federally sanctioned turn toward “crime control” and standalone programs in “criminal justice.” Though still prominent, sociologists shared jurisdiction with other social scientists, including a growing and influential contingent of economists. By the 1980s, crime had been sheared off from other social issues, with the field now centered on crime's efficient management.
Keywords
Information
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Society on the EdgeSocial Science and Public Policy in the Postwar United States, pp. 258 - 289Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2020
References
Abbott, Andrew, and Sparrow, James. “Hot War, Cold War: The Structures of Sociological Action, 1940–1955.” In Sociology in America: A History, edited by Calhoun, Craig, 281–313. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amadae, Sonja. Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Aubert, Vilhelm. “White-Collar Crime and Social Structure.” American Journal of Sociology 58, no. 3 (1952): 263–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, Gary S. “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach.” Journal of Political Economy 76, no. 2 (1968): 169–217.Google Scholar
Becker, Howard S. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Free Press, 1963.Google Scholar
Beckett, Katherine. Making Crime Pay: Law and Order in Contemporary American Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Bell, Daniel. “The Idea of a Social Report.” The Public Interest 15 (Spring 1969): 72–105.Google Scholar
Blumstein, Alfred, Cohen, Jacqueline, and Nagin, Daniel, eds. Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates. Panel on Research on Deterrent and Incapacitative Effects. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1978.Google Scholar
Blumstein, Alfred, Cohen, Jacqueline, Roth, Jeffrey A., and Visher, Christy A., eds. Criminal Careers and “Career Criminals”. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Bottoms, Albert M. “Operations Research and Computers in Law Enforcement: Some Cases Studies of American Police Experience.” Computers & Operations Research 1, no. 1 (1974): 149–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruns, Gilbert H., and O'Hearn, Carolyn. Criminal Justice Doctoral Education: Issues and Perspectives. Washington, DC: National Criminal Justice Educational Consortium Reports 4, 1976.Google Scholar
Buchanan, James. “Student Revolts, Academic Liberalism, and Constitutional Attitudes.” Social Research 35 (1968): 666–80.Google Scholar
Bulmer, Martin. The Chicago School of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Burgess, Ernest. “The Study of the Delinquent as a Person.” American Journal of Sociology 27, no. 6 (1923): 657–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgess, Ernest. “Is Prediction Feasible in Social Work? An Inquiry Based upon a Sociological Study of Parole Records.” Social Forces 7, no. 4 (1929): 533–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapoulie, Jean-Michel. “Ernest W. Burgess et les débuts d'une approche sociologique de la délinquance aux Etats-Unis.” Déviance et Société 27 (2003): 103–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clinard, Marshall B. “Sociologists and American Criminology.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 41, no. 5 (1951): 549–77.Google Scholar
Cloward, Richard A, and Lloyd, E. Ohlin. Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. Glencoe: Free Press, 1960.Google Scholar
Cohen, Lawrence, and Felson, Marcus. “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends.” American Sociological Review 44, no. 4 (1979): 588–608.Google Scholar
“The Cost of Crime and of Social Defense Against Crime: Summary of the Second International Symposium in Comparative Criminology.” Acta Criminologica 4 (1971): 193–208.Google Scholar
Cressey, Donald. “Application and Verification of the Differential Association Theory.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 43, no. 1 (1952): 43–52.Google Scholar
Cressey, Donald. “The Differential Association Theory and Compulsive Crimes.” Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 45, no. 1 (1954): 29–40.Google Scholar
Cressey, Donald. Epidemiology and Individual Conduct: A Case from Criminology.” Pacific Sociological Review 3, no. 2 (1960): 47–58.Google Scholar
Cressey, Donald. “Criminological Theory, Social Science and the Repression of Crime.” Criminology 16, no. 2 (1978): 171–91.Google Scholar
Davie, Neil. “The Impact of Anthropological Criminology in Britain (1880–1918).” Histoire de la criminologie 4, l'Anthropologie criminelle en Europe, 2005.Google Scholar
Douglas, Jack. “Review of The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society: A Report by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice.” American Sociological Review 32, no. 4 (1967): 664–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, Erik. “Ego Identity and the Psychosocial Moratorium.” In New Perspectives for Research on Juvenile Delinquency, edited by Witmer, Ellen and Kotinsky, Ruth, 1–23. Washington, DC: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1956.Google Scholar
Eysenck, Hans, and Gisli, Gudjonsson. The Causes and Cures of Criminality. New York: Springer, 1989.Google Scholar
Flamm, Michael. Law and Order: Street Crime, Civil Unrest and the Crisis of Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Fleury, Jean-Baptiste. “Drawing New Lines: Economists and Other Social Scientists on Society in the 1960s.” In The Unsocial Social Science? Economics and Neighboring Disciplines since 1945, edited by Backhouse, Roger E. and Fontaine, Philippe, 315–42. Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Fogelson, Robert. “Review Symposium.” American Political Science Review 63, no. 4 (1969): 1269–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gage, Beverly. “Counting Crime: J. Edgar Hoover, the Wickersham Commission, and the Problem of Criminal Statistics.” Marquette Law Review 93, no. 4 (2013): 1109–18.Google Scholar
Garland, David. The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, Jack P., and Erickson, Maynard. “Major Developments in the Sociological Study of Deviance.” Annual Review of Sociology 1 (1975): 21–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, James. A Cycle of Outrage: America's Reaction to the Juvenile Delinquent in the 1950s. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Gitre, Edward. “Importing Freud: First-Wave Psychoanalysis, Interwar Social Sciences, and the Interdisciplinary Foundations of an American Social Theory.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 46, no. 3 (2010): 239–62.Google Scholar
Glaser, Daniel. “The Sociological Approach to Crime and Corrections.” Law and Contemporary Problems 23, no. 4 (1958): 683–702.Google Scholar
Glueck, Sheldon, and Glueck, Eleanor. One Thousand Juvenile Delinquents. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1934.Google Scholar
Glueck, Sheldon, and Glueck, Eleanor. Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency. New York: The Commonwealth Fund, 1950.Google Scholar
Goldkamp, John S. “Prediction in Criminal Justice Policy Development.” Crime and Justice 9 (1987): 103–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, David. “Capitalism, Class, and Crime in America.” Crime and Delinquency 19, no. 2 (1973): 163–86.Google Scholar
Goring, Charles. The English Convict: A Statistical Study. London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1913.Google Scholar
Grisso, Thomas. “Forensic Evaluation in Delinquency Cases.” In Handbook of Psychology: Forensic Psychology, vol. 11, edited by Goldstein, Alan M., 315–34. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.Google Scholar
Gross, Bertram, and Springer, Michael. “New Goals for Social Information.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 388, no. 1 (1967): 208–18.Google Scholar
Harcourt, Bernard E. “Reflecting on the Subject: A Critique of the Social Influence Conception of Deterrence, the Broken Windows Theory, and Order-Maintenance Policing New York Style.” Michigan Law Review 97, no. 2 (1998): 291–389.Google Scholar
Harcourt, Bernard E. Against Prediction: Profiling, Policing and Punishing in an Actuarial Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Harman, Douglas. “The Bloc Grant: Readings from a First Experiment.” Public Administration Review 30, no. 2 (1970): 141–53.Google Scholar
Hartung, Frank E. “A Critique of the Sociological Approach to Crime and Correction.” Law and Contemporary Problems 23, no. 4 (1958): 703–34.Google Scholar
Herman, Ellen. The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Herrnstein, Richard J., and Charles, Murray. The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Free Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Hinton, Elizabeth. From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Hirschi, Travis, and Selvin, Hanan. “False Criteria of Causality in Delinquency Research.” Social Problems 13, no. 3 (1966): 254–68.Google Scholar
Hirschi, Travis, and Selvin, Hanan. Delinquency Research: An Appraisal of Analytic Method. London: Transaction Publishers, 1967.Google Scholar
Hollin, Clive. Psychology and Crime: An Introduction to Criminal Psychology. London: Routledge, 1989.Google Scholar
Hollin, Clive. “Criminal Psychology.” In Oxford Handbook of Criminology, edited by McGuire, Mike, Morgan, Rod, and Reiner, Robert, 43–77. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Jackson, John P. Jr., Social Scientists for Social Justice: Making the Case against Segregation. New York: New York University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Morris, Janowitz Collection. Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.Google Scholar
Jardini, David. Thinking through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945–1975. Meadows Land: David Jardini.Google Scholar
Koheler, Johann. “Development and Fracture of a Discipline: Legacies of the School of Criminology at Berkeley.” Criminology 53, no. 4 (2005): 513–44.Google Scholar
Laub, John H. “The Life Course of Criminology in the United States: The American Society of Criminology 2003 Presidential Address.” Criminology 42, no. 1 (2004): 1–26.Google Scholar
Laub, John H., and Sampson, Robert J.. “The Sutherland–Glueck Debate: On the Sociology of Criminological Knowledge.” American Journal of Sociology 96, no. 6 (1991): 1402–40.Google Scholar
Leijins, Peter P. International Conference on Doctoral-Level Education in Criminal Justice and Criminology. College Park: Institute of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of Maryland, 1977.Google Scholar
Lindesmith, Alfred, and Levin, Yale. “The Lombrosian Myth in Criminology.” American Journal of Sociology 42, no. 5 (1937): 653–71.Google Scholar
Mannheim, Hermann. “American Criminology: Impressions of an European Criminologist.” British Journal of Sociology 5, no. 4 (1954): 293–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marciano, Alain, and Medema, Steven G.. “Disciplinary Collisions: Blum, Kalven, and the Economic Analysis of Accident Law at Chicago in the 1960s.” In Law and Economics as Interdisciplinary Practice, edited by Malecka, Magdałena and Cserne, Peter, 53–75. New York: Routledge, 2020.Google Scholar
Marion, Nancy E. A History of Federal Crime Control Initiatives, 1960–1993. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1994.Google Scholar
Marris, Peter, and Rein, Martin. Dilemmas of Social Reform: Poverty and Community Action in the United States. Chicago: Aldine, 1973.Google Scholar
Matsueda, Ross. “The Current State of Differential Association Theory.” Crime and Delinquency 34 (1988): 277–306.Google Scholar
McCord, Joan, and McCord, William. “The Effects of Parental Role Model on Criminality.” Journal of Social Issues 14, no. 3 (1958): 66–75.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert K. “Social Structure and Anomie.” American Sociological Review 3, no. 5 (1938): 672–82.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert K. “Concluding Comments and an Example of Research.” In New Perspectives for Research on Juvenile Delinquency, edited by Witmer, Ellen and Kotinsky, Ruth, 75–92. Washington, DC: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1956.Google Scholar
Michael, Jerome, and Mortimer, J. Adler. Crime, Law, and Social Science. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co, 1933.Google Scholar
Miller, Walter B. “Lower Class Culture as Generating a Milieu of Gang Delinquency.” Journal of Social Issues 14, no. 3 (1958): 5–19.Google Scholar
Morris, Albert. “The American Society of Criminology: A History, 1941–1974.” Criminology 13, no. 2 (1975): 123–67.Google Scholar
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick. The Negro Family: The Case for National Action. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1965.Google Scholar
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick. Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding. New York: Free Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Newman, Donald J. “White-Collar Crime.” Law and Contemporary Problems 23, no. 4 (1958): 735–53.Google Scholar
O'Connor, Alice. “The Ford Foundation and Philanthropic Activism in the 1960s.” In Philanthropic Foundations: New Scholarship, New Possibilities, edited by Lagemann, Ellen Condliffe, 169–94. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Orleans, Myron. “Criminal Justice, Sociology of.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, edited by Wright, James D., 214–18. New York: Elsevier, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersilia, Joan. “Policy Relevance and the Future of Criminology.” In Contemporary Masters in Criminology, edited by McCord, Joan and Laub, John H., 389–408. New York: Plenum Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Platt, Tony. “Prospects for a Radical Criminology in the United States.” Crime and Social Justice 1 (1974): 2–10.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard A. “An Economic Theory of the Criminal Law.” Columbia Law Review 85, no. 6 (1985): 1193–1231.Google Scholar
President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1967.Google Scholar
Reiss, Albert. “Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency. II. An Appraisal of the Research Methods.” American Journal of Sociology 57, no. 2 (1951): 115–20.Google Scholar
Reiss, Albert. “Putting Sociology into Policy.” Social Problems 17, no. 3 (1970): 289–94.Google Scholar
Rottenberg, Simon. The Economics of Crime and Punishment. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1973.Google Scholar
Sampson, Robert J. “Urban Black Violence: The Effect of Male Joblessness and Family Disruption.” American Journal of Sociology 93, no. 2 (1987): 348–83.Google Scholar
Sampson, Robert J., and Laub, John H.. Crime in the Making. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Savelsberg, Joachim, Cleveland, Lara, and King, Ryan. “Institutional Environments and Scholarly Work: American Criminology, 1951–1993.” Social Forces 82, no. 4 (2004): 1275–1302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savitz, Leonard. “Review of The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society.” Social Force 46, no. 2 (1967): 300–1.Google Scholar
Schuessler, Karl F. “Parole Prediction: Its History and Status.” The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 45, no. 4 (1954): 425–31.Google Scholar
Schulman, Jay, Brown, Carol, and Kahn, Roger. “Report on the Russell Sage Foundation.” Critical Sociology 2, no. 4 (1972): 2–34.Google Scholar
Shaw, Clifford, and McKay, Henry. “Social Factors in Juvenile Delinquency: A Study of the Community, the Family, and the Gang in Relation to Delinquent Behavior.” In Report of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, Causes of Crime. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1929.Google Scholar
Short, James F. “Differential Association and Delinquency.” Social Problems 4, no. 3 (1957): 233–39.Google Scholar
Short, James F., and Hughes, Lorine A.. “Criminology, Criminologists, and the Sociological Enterprise.” In Sociology in America: A History, edited by Calhoun, Craig, 605–38. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Skogan, Wesley G. “Review of Surveying Crime, by the National Research Council.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 69, no. 1 (1978): 139–40.Google Scholar
Springer, Michael. “Social Indicators, Reports, and Accounts: Toward the Management of Society.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 388, no. 1 (1970): 1–13.Google Scholar
Steinmetz, George. “American Sociology before and after World War II: The (Temporary) Setting of a Disciplinary Field.” In Sociology in America: A History, edited by Calhoun, Craig, 314–66. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Richard F. “The Economics of Crime: Introduction to the Literature.” Crime and Delinquency 19, no. 2 (1973): 138–49.Google Scholar
Sutherland, Edwin H. Principles of Criminology. New York: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1939.Google Scholar
Sutherland, Edwin H. “White-Collar Criminality.” American Sociological Review 5, no. 1 (1940): 1–12.Google Scholar
Sykes, Gresham M., and Matza, David. “Techniques of Neutralization.” American Sociological Review 22, no. 6 (1957): 664–70.Google Scholar
Tappan, Paul. “Who Is the Criminal?” American Sociological Review 12, no. 1 (1947): 96–102.Google Scholar
Taylor, Ian, Walton, Paul, and Young, Jock, The New Criminology: For a Social Study of Deviance. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973.Google Scholar
Teixeira, Pedro. “A Portrait of the Economics of Education, 1960–1997.” In Toward a History of Applied Economics, edited by Backhouse, Roger E. and Biddle, Jeff, 257–88. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Tittle, Charles. “Punishment and Deterrence of Deviance.” In The Economics of Crime and Punishment, edited by Rottenberg, Simon, 85–102. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.Google Scholar
Turk, Austin T. “Conflict and Criminality.” American Sociological Review 31, no. 3 (1966): 338–52.Google Scholar
US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Toward a Social Report. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1969.Google Scholar
US National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. Report on Criminal Statistics. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1929.Google Scholar
US National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. Report on the Causes of Crime. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1929.Google Scholar
Weaver, Vesla M. “Frontlash: Race and the Development of Punitive Crime Policy.” Studies in American Political Development 21 (2007): 230–65.Google Scholar
Webb, Vincent J., and Hoffman, Dennis E.. “Criminal Justice as an Academic Discipline: Costs and Benefits.” Journal of Criminal Justice 6 (1978): 347–55.Google Scholar
Wilson, James Q. “A Reader's Guide to the Crime Commission's Report.” The Public Interest, no. 9 (Fall 1967): 64–82.Google Scholar
Wilson, James Q., and Richard, J. Herrnstein. Crime and Human Nature: The Definitive Study of the Causes of Crime. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985.Google Scholar
Winant, Howard. “The Dark Side of the Force: One Hundred Years of the Sociology of Race.” In Sociology in America: A History, edited by Calhoun, Craig, 535–71. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfgang, Marvin, and Ferracuti, Franco. The Subculture of Violence. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967.Google Scholar
Wolfgang, Marvin, Robert, Figlio, and Thorsten, Sellin. Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this chapter is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.