The New Cambridge Medieval History

doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521362917

Summary

By the early fifth century Western Roman Empire was theoretically Christian. There were still pagan intellectuals among the upper classes, especially among the lower classes of the countryside, but also among those who lived in the cities, including Rome itself, who continued to perform rituals which were condemned as idolatrous by the church. Nor are the Burgundians and the Franks the only peoples for whom Christianisation entailed hesitation between Arianism and Catholicism. Politics would play a major role in the ensuing Christianisation of the English, with powerful rulers putting pressure on their weaker neighbours, sponsoring them in baptism, and supporting missions to their kingdoms. The chief example of the use of force in evangelisation during the early Middle Ages is the Christianisation of the Saxons, which came to be intimately related to their conquest during the reign of Charlemagne.

Summary

During the sixth and seventh centuries, the political break-up affected the economic and social structures of the Roman world only partially, and even of its education and culture. Whilst amongst the Roman nobility of the towns and the provinces family education was retaining its ancient place, the bishoprics and the monasteries were gradually taking over the public schools of the late Empire. All cultural activity, writing or reading, heard or read exegesis, the spiritual discourse of the confabulatio, right up to the conceptual systematisation of a theological discussion on God, is integrated into a specifically religious activity. The ideal of clerical life and of clerical training, and the practice of a language intelligently appropriate to the new conditions of the exercise of preaching, were to exert a lasting influence on the culture of the clergy, and on the oral teaching dispensed to Christian people by sermons and by the private reading of the Bible.

Summary

The emergence of Germanic, and the development of Celtic kingdoms introduced or gave greater prominence to non-Roman artistic traditions, especially in metalwork and subsequently in manuscript illumination. The most influential piece of Roman architecture to be erected in medieval period was, not a complete church, the new annular crypt created by Gregory the Great, built, like the shrines of Laurence and Agnes, to cope with the crowds of pilgrims: in this case for those visiting the chief shrine of Rome, that of St Peter. The identified remains of architectural sculpture are perhaps more extensive in England than in Spain or France. What Italy lacks in terms of architectural stone sculpture from the period, it makes up for in terms of its mosaic decoration. Running parallel to this history of mosaic is a history of fresco painting, though here the evidence comes largely from a single Roman site, S. Maria Antiqua.

References

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The New Cambridge Medieval History

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Contents

26 - Christianisation and the dissemination of Christian teaching
pp 710-734

Summary

27 - Education and learning
pp 735-759

Summary

28A - Art and architecture of western Europe
pp 760-775

Summary

28B - Art and architecture: the East
pp 776-784

Summary

List of Primary sources
pp 785-804

Bibliography of secondary works arranged by chapter
pp 805-910

Index
pp 911-979

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Plate section"

Map 3 Gaul/Francia in the sixth and seventh centuries"

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The New Cambridge Medieval History

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