“Turkey does not have the luxury of abandoning the region to other actors with interests of their own. At the same time, however, there is no sign on the horizon of a new overall strategy to guide Turkey's inescapable involvement in the Middle East. Despite their very different outlooks, each of the regimes since Özal's has failed to formulate such a strategy. Until a leadership emerges that is capable and willing to do so, therefore, Turkey's regional policies will continue to be ambivalent, ad hoc, and reactive.”