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Introduction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 February 2026

Susan Emmenegger
Affiliation:
University of Bern
Martin Winner
Affiliation:
University of Vienna
Andreas Recalde Castells
Affiliation:
University of Madrid
Rolf Skog
Affiliation:
University of Stockholm
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Summary

The EU Takeover Directive (TOD) has significantly shaped the landscape of mergers and acquisitions within the EU. The process of reaching an agreement on its text was exceptionally challenging, spanning over a decade. The ultimate version is an incomplete harmonization effort, leaving numerous areas and options for the Member States. Its 20th anniversary gives the occasion to take a closer look at how the TOD has been implemented by different Member States, shedding light on how the Directive has influenced corporate behaviour, market dynamics and the overall European economy.

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