This part examines the implementation of language policy in education, which is crucial in the transmission and acquisition of minority languages within a multilingual setting. The countries and languages represented help to expand two of the portraits presented in Part 1 – we return to France and Australia. Two of the contributions take us to countries where Spanish has contrasting roles and functions – Spain, where Spanish is the national majority language, and the United States, where New Mexican Spanish is a minority language and under threat. The notion of Indigenous language is explored in a European setting – regional languages in France and Spain – and in an Australian context – Aboriginal languages. In all three cases, Indigenous languages have been suppressed and marginalised during their contact with the majority language and shifting national ideologies, with different outcomes. Overall, it is clear that the transmission of minority languages to the next generation is fundamental to their survival, and the contributions underline the importance of bilingual education in this regard. The final contribution examines Asian languages in education in Australia, and their importance in affirming Australia's place in the Asia-Pacific region.

Part 2 opens with Tadhg Ó hIfearnáin's analysis of the current situation of the Breton language in France. As Leigh Oakes set out in Chapter 5, France has a long history of suppressing regional languages. In spite of this, Breton was still a majority language in western Brittany into the 20th century, but declined sharply in the period after the Second World War. The dramatic drop in intergenerational transmission has been attributed to the ambivalence of native speakers to maintaining and reviving the language and their integration into mainstream French society. There has been a major change in attitudes among older Breton speakers, the public and institutions in the last 10 years, reflected in the current language policy from the Breton Regional Council, which emphasises the importance of bilingual schooling.