Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 April 2026
In this chapter, we will explore the nature of Basque impersonals in comparison with inchoatives, passives, and middles. Our analysis reveals that Basque impersonals share key characteristics with subject-suppressing impersonals (Blevins 2003): (i) they are built on transitive, unergative, and unaccusative verbs; (ii) they feature a human (suppressed) subject; and (iii) their implicit subject cannot be expressed by an oblique. However, Basque impersonals exhibit a detransitivized morphology, contrasting with the transitive shape of this construction in other languages such as Polish. In any case, we demonstrate that Basque impersonals involve a syntactically active external argument, as the implicit subject can bind certain reflexive and reciprocal anaphors, act as a possessor in inalienable possession relations, and license secondary predication. Therefore, Basque impersonals should not be considered passive or middle constructions and must be regarded as subject-suppressed impersonals.
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