In an era of rampant misinformation, conspiracy theories, and political polarization, this book confronts the paradox between rational models of human cognition and seemingly irrational behavior. Drawing on cutting-edge research in psychology and other social sciences, it explores practical tools such as fostering digital literacy and cultivating 'wise deliberative spaces' grounded in argument, perspective taking, and moral inquiry. Written for graduate students, researchers, and general readers, E. Michael Nussbaum provides an accessible introduction to contemporary models of reasoning, motivation, and dialogue. With chapters on truth, talk, trust, and thinking, the volume presents a revised model of dual-process theory, linking it to deliberative dialogue while integrating insights from education, communication studies, philosophy, and political science. The result is a timely vision of cautious optimism for navigating today's post-truth challenges.

‘Drawing on his own research and that of others, Nussbaum shows how people on different ends of the political spectrum might believe those they disagree with are irrational, but they may in fact be reasoning from false premises. This book is well written, accessible, and a primer for understanding the challenges of reasoning in our current political climate.’

Gale Sinatra - Distinguished Professor and Stephen H. Crocker Chair, University of Southern California