Toward Rationality and Wisdom
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 April 2026
Chapter 9 synthesizes the book’s core themes on the waning of wisdom, human rationality, and wise deliberative spaces. Since the 1960s, wise spaces have declined due to eroding social capital, weakening trust in social institutions, shrinking civics education, diminished investigative journalism, media fragmentation, social media’s addictive design, and a revival of relativistic notions of truth. Rationality is compromised by cognitive biases, poorly adapted heuristics, digital misinformation, and insufficient search of evidence and hypothesis spaces. Groups can overcome these limits when deliberations follow wise discourse practices. The chapter offers cautious optimism. Human reasoning is guided by a reflective metasystem – pursuing accuracy or directional goals – and by intuitive subsystems, some quasi-Bayesian. This core capacity for rational thought is often obscured by biased views of outgroups, which wise deliberative spaces can counter by fostering understanding and finding common ground. Moreover, new face-to-face and online forums are being designed to strengthen civic discourse and bridge divides. A growing public appetite for such solutions signals potential for renewal.
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