Appendices
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 January 2013
Summary
historical data for france and the Ottoman empire
For the purpose of calibrating the model developed in Chapter 2, we need to estimate which actor controls how much of overall taxation capacity, political decision-making power, public service provision, and military support. We can provide estimates for three of the four resources. The difficulties were insurmountable, however, when trying to determine actors’ control over political decision-making – an overview of the entire political edifice and the amount of power vested in the different offices and positions would be necessary to arrive at a reasonably accurate estimation. The estimations for the other three resources are explained in this appendix, while our assumptions regarding political decision-making are justified in the main text..
The first step is to define which periods correspond to a pre-modern, weakly centralized state and which ones to a centralized, modern territorial state. For France, we propose to look at three points in time. The “pre-modern” situation corresponds to the fourteenth century, i.e. after a state with the capacity for direct taxation and with a standing army had emerged under Charles V. The modern, territorial state in France arises with absolutism: tax rebellions (the “Fronde,” 1648–1653) were successfully subdued, the collection of taxes became centralized (Kiser and Linton 2002), and the military revolution of the mid-sixteenth century institutionalized and strengthened a standing army under the command of the king. The seventeenth-century absolutist state, however, was still based on tax farming, and most offices (including in the army) were up for purchase. We thus take a third snapshot of the resource distribution in the late nineteenth century, i.e. after the Franco-Prussian war. Now tax farming has been abolished and universal conscription introduced. For the Ottoman empire, any data point after the establishment of the standing army in 1360 and before the beginning of the Tanzimat reforms in the early nineteenth century is adequate to represent the pre-modern situation. The late nineteenth century under Abdul Hamid stands as an example of a modern territorial state (with an army based on universal conscription, central taxation without tax farming, etc.).
Information
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Waves of WarNationalism, State Formation, and Ethnic Exclusion in the Modern World, pp. 206 - 296Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2012
References
1987. The Last Gaiter Button: A Study of the Mobilization and Concentration of the French Army in the War of 1870. New York: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
. 2008. Vilayet Bütçeleri Çerçevesinde Tanzimat Sonrası Osmanlı Taşra Maliyesi (1860–1913). Dissertation. Istanbul, Istanbul University.Google Scholar
. 2005. The Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to World War I. London: Tauris.Google Scholar
and . 1984. European Political Facts, 1648–1789. New York: Facts on File Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1991. “Rebellious alliances: the state and peasant unrest in early seventeenth-century France and the Ottoman empire,”American Sociological Review 56: 699–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2008. Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1987. An Introduction to Religious Foundations in the Ottoman Empire. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
. 1985. Absolutism and Society in Seventeenth-Century France. State Power and Provincial Aristocracy in Languedoc. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. The French Army, 1750–1820: Careers, Talent, Merit. Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
. 2004. “Ethnicity without groups,” in , , , , and , eds., Facing Ethnic Conflicts: Toward a New Realism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 34–52.Google Scholar
, , and . 2008. “Disaggregating ethnic conflict: a dyadic model of exclusion theory,”International Organization 62: 531–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1976. Managing Interstate Conflict, 1945–1974. Pittsburg: University Center for International Studies.Google Scholar
, , and . 2007. “An effective screening design for sensitivity analysis of large models,”Environmental Modelling and Software 22: 1509–1518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2007. “Beyond fractionalization: mapping ethnicity onto nationalist insurgencies,”American Political Science Review 101: 173–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. Jefferson: McFarland.Google Scholar
and . 2005. “Risk, transaction costs, and tax assignment: government finance in the Ottoman empire,”The Journal of Economic History 65 (3): 806–821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. Osmanli Vakif-şehir İliskisine Bir Örnek: Sivas ğehir Hayatında Vakiflarin Rolü. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi.Google Scholar
. 1998 [1961]. Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
and . 1980. “The development of the Anatolian urban network during the sixteenth century,”Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 23 (3): 265–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Westport: Greenwood.Google Scholar
. n.d. “Seventeenth-century French revenues and expenditures.”
1976. Poverty and Charity in Aix-en-Provence, 1640–1789. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
1997. “Part II crisis and change, 1590–1699,” in and , eds., An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Volume 2: 1600–1914. Cambridge University Press. 411–636.Google Scholar
and . 2003. “Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war,”American Political Science Review 97 (1): 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2007. “Ethnic minority rule and civil war onset,”American Political Science Review 101 (1): 187–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1983. “The Waqf institution in early Ottoman Erdine,”Asian and African Studies 17: 29–45.Google Scholar
. 2004. “A revised list of wars between and within independent states, 1816–2002,”International Interactions 30 (3): 231–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and . 2002. “Armed conflict 1946–2001: a new dataset,”Journal of Peace Research 39 (5): 615–637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1971. Royal Taxation in Fourteenth Century France: The Development of War Financing 1322–1356. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
. 1997. Local Hospitals in Ancien Régime France: Rationalization, Resistance, Renewal 1530–1789. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
1863. Le gouvernement de Normandie au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècle. Caen: Goussiaume de la Porte.Google Scholar
. 1998. Endowments, Rulers and Community: Waqf al-Haramayn in Ottoman Algiers. Leiden and Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
. 1973. The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300–1600. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar
. 1980. “Military and fiscal transformation in the Ottoman empire, 1600–1700,”Archivum Ottomanicum 6: 283–337.Google Scholar
1994. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 1982. Charity and Bienfaisance: The Treatment of the Poor in the Montpellier Region, 1740–1815. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
1985. Ottoman Population, 1830–1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
2000. “Tanzimat sonrasi osmanli vilayet bütçeleri,”Tarih Arastirmalari Dergisi 20 (3): 196–206.Google Scholar
. 1977. The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow.Google Scholar
and . 2001. “Determinants of the growth of the state: war and taxation in early modern France and England,”Social Forces 80 (2): 411–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2002. “The hinges of history: state-making and revolt in early modern France,”American Sociological Review 67: 889–910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. Privilege and the Politics of Taxation in Eighteenth-Century France. Cambidge University Press.Google Scholar
. 1989. “Elite conflict and state formation in 16th- and 17th-century England and France,”American Sociological Review 54: 141–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. La part du pauvre: L’assistance dans les pays du bas-Rhône du XIIe siècle. Volumes 1 and 2. Rome: École française de Rome.Google Scholar
1875. “Local government in France,” in , ed., Local Government and Taxation. New York and London: Cassell, Petter, and Galpin. 283–308.Google Scholar
. 1999. Waqfs and Urban Structues: The Case of Ottoman Damascus. Leiden and Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
. 1995. “The consequences of negotiated settlements in civil wars, 1945–1993,”American Political Science Review 89 (3): 681–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1997. Giant of the Grand Siècle: The French Army, 1610–1715. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. “Les resources de la ville d’Angers au XVIIIe siécle,” in , ed., Les finances en province sous l’ancien Régime: Journée d’études tenue à Bercy le 3 décembre 1998. Paris: Ministére de l’économie, des finances et de l’industrie, Comité pour l’histoire économique et financiére de la France. 167–177.Google Scholar
. 1993. The Sources of Social Power, Vol. 2: The Rise of Classes and Nation States, 1760–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. American Empire: Past and Present. Paper given at the Comparative Social Analysis Workshop, Department of Sociology, UCLA.
1958. The Royal General Farms in Eighteenth-Century France. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
1946. Government Assistance in Eighteenth-Century France. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
. 2007. Hospital Politics in Seventeenth-Century France: The Crown, Urban Elites, and the Poor. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
. 1992. The Peacemakers: Peaceful Settlement of Disputes since 1945. New York: St. Martin’s Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2010. Ethnic Exclusion, Economic Growth, and Civil War. Manuscript, University of California Los Angeles.Google Scholar
. 1968 [1886]. Annuaire statistique de la France: neuvième année, 1886. Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint Ltd. (originally published in Paris by Imprimerie Nationale).Google Scholar
. 1889. Les recettes et les dépenses de la république Française de 1870 a 1889. Facsimile No. 96. Paris: Imprimerie Alcide Picard et Kaan.Google Scholar
1991. “Factorial sampling plans for preliminary computational experiments,”Technometrics 33: 161–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1970. Peasant Uprisings in Seventeenth-Century France, Russia, and China. New York: Harper Torchbooks.Google Scholar
. 1999. Atlas vorkolonialer Gesellschaften. Sozialstrukturen und kulturelles Erbe der Staaten Afrikas, Asiens und Melanesiens. Ein ethnologisches Kartenwerk für 95 Länder mit Texten, Datenbanken und Dokumentationen auf CD-ROM. Berlin: Reimer.Google Scholar
. 1781. State of the Finances of France, laid before the King, by Mr. Necker, Director-General of the finances, in the month of January, 1781. London: G. Kearsley and Associates.Google Scholar
1993. “Formal models of collective action,”Annual Review of Sociology 19: 271–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2002. “Formal models in the study of social movements,” in and , eds., Methods of Research in Social Movements. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 32–61.Google Scholar
1894. Municipal Taxation at Home and Abroad: Local Government – Indebtedness and Valuation. London, Paris, and Melbourne: Cassell and Company, Limited.Google Scholar
. 1995. Türk Yenilesme Tarihi Çerçevesinde Vakif Müessesesi. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfi.Google Scholar
. 1910. Le budget communal de Besançon au début du XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion.Google Scholar
. 2001. “Labor history in the Ottoman Middle East, 1700–1922,”International Labor and Working-Class History 60: 93–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1988. Professional and Popular Medicine in France, 1770–1830: The Social World of Medical Practice. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 1965. Le domaine du roi et les finances extraordinaires sous Charles VI, 1388–1413. Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N.Google Scholar
. 1999. “Louis XIV, aristocratic power and the elite units of the French army,”French History 13 (3): 303–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Studies on Ottoman Economic and Social History. Istanbul: Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture.Google Scholar
1978. “The achievements of Midhat Pasha as governor of the province of Syria, 1878–1880,”International Journal of Middle East Studies 9 (3): 307–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and . 2004. Sensitivity Analysis in Practice: A Guide to Assessing Scientific Models. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
, , , and . 2006. “Sensitivity analysis practices: strategies for model-based inference,”Reliability Engineering and System Safety 91: 1109–1125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. “What is civil war? Conceptual and empirical complexities of an operational definition,”Journal of Conflict Resolution 48 (6): 814–858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2009. What is an Ethnic War? Organization and Interests in Insurgencies. New Haven: Department of Political Science, Yale University.Google Scholar
1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in South-East Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
. 1871. “On local taxation,”Journal of the Statistical Society of London 34 (3): 281–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1979. Les origines des officiers Francais, 1848–1870. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.Google Scholar
1958. The Financial and Administrative Organization and Development of Ottoman Egypt 1517–1798. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
1975. “The nineteenth-century Ottoman tax reforms and revenue systems,”International Journal of Middle East Studies 6 (4): 421–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1978. “Ottoman expenditures and budgets in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,”International Journal of Middle East Studies 9: 373–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2003. Provincial Power and Absolute Monarchy: The Estates General of Burgundy, 1661–1790. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1971. “Elite recruitment in Turkey: the role of the Mulkiye,”World Politics 23 (3): 371–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1975. “Western state-making and theories of political transformation,” in Charles Tilly, The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton University Press. 601–638.Google Scholar
. 1999. Kurds, States, and Tribes. Paper given at the Tribes and Powers in the Middle East Conference, London, January 23–24.
. 2008. “The making and unmaking of ethnic boundaries. A multi-level process theory,”American Journal of Sociology 113 (4): 970–1022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1975. L’institution du vaqf au XVIIIe siècle en Turquie; étude socio-historique. Dissertation. Sorbonne, University of Paris.Google Scholar
. 1998. Osmanli Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Hayatında Vakiflarin Rolü (1585–1683). Sivas: Dilek Matbaasi.Google Scholar
. 2004. “Sources and settlements of ethnic conflicts,” in , , , , and , eds., Facing Ethnic Conflicts: Toward a New Realism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 141–159.Google Scholar
. 1998. “The Ottoman conscription system in theory and practice, 1844–1918,”International Review of Social History 43 (3): 437–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.