Aquaculture is growing rapidly, making more fish protein available worldwide. It also has taken the pressure off capture fishing, where overfishing is rampant. The emissions from aquaculture are generally comparable to those of poultry, but the emissions from shrimp and prawn are quite high. Apart from overfishing, capture fishing suffers from the risks of stocks moving away as the ocean waters become warmer and more acidic. The emissions from aquaculture can be reduced by using renewable energy and by more efficiently managing resources. Fishing communities – both inland and marine – could also produce more if they could connect to markets. They are held back because they are poor, and their livelihoods are threatened by infrastructure development. Vulnerable small island countries should embrace foreign investment in processing to offset revenue losses from fishing rights. Readers are encouraged to apply an approach that examines fish stock health and opportunities to capture economic and nutritional value, so as to understand how aquaculture and capture fishing can ensure food security.