Production continues to rise globally, with significant increases in crops, meat, milk, eggs, and fish since 2000. Agricultural productivity has grown, using less land and labour, reducing hunger and improving nutrition in many regions. However, this progress is shadowed by severe environmental costs. Climate change threatens yields, especially in vulnerable areas, while food systems contribute substantially to greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity loss. Historically, fears of population outstripping food supply—from Malthus in the 18th century to the warnings of the 1960s—were averted not by chance, but by deliberate action. The challenge ahead is to transform how we produce and consume food—sustainably increasing output while protecting the planet for future generations.