Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 April 2026
In Chapter 7 we focus on the shift from direct, explicit insults to the more indirect and implicit ones. We argue that explicitness exists on a continuum, making it difficult to draw a clear boundary between where implicitness ends and explicitness begins. We categorise our data into more explicit and less explicit language. Less explicit language includes offensive meanings which are expressed through hinting, insinuating, implying and suggesting. We compare our corpus of explicit language with a less explicit one to explore the differences between the two. Our analysis reveals that themes such as gender, racial and age biases are commonly used in the less explicit corpus. These biases are perpetuated through seemingly polite language, rhetorical questions and comments that indirectly and subtly attack the target’s identity. We examine how implicatures arise from specific word choices. We also discuss weak and strong implicatures, and how they can be used in a way that leaves room for potential deniability. Along the way, we also focus on what we call unmarked offensive implicatures.
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