Element contents
Series: Elements in History of Economics
The Mathematisation of Economics
A Twentieth-Century History
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 September 2026
Summary
The mathematisation of economics took place in three different ways, each based on an image of mathematics that was endorsed by a practice of mathematisation and which remained the dominant image until another image became dominant. The first dominant image was that of mathematics as a science of forms, which was embraced in the 1920s by the early econometric programme of scientisation. The resulting methodology was the modelling style developed at MIT in the 1940s and 1950s. The next dominant image was that of mathematics as a science of structure. It was introduced into economics by von Neumann and opened the door for Bourbaki mathematics which set the standards for mathematical rigour. The image of algorithms entered economics through research into decision making under uncertainty. By turning the decisionmaker into a 'representative agent' who takes decisions at a macro-level, this approach reshaped macroeconomic analysis in the 1970s and 1980s.
Information
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Series: Elements in History of EconomicsOnline ISBN: 9781009565929Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 19 November 2026
References
Alberts, Gerard (1998). Jaren van Berekening. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andvig, Jens C. (1985). Ragnar Frisch and the Great Depression. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.Google Scholar
Arrow, Kenneth J., Chenery, Hollis B., Minhas, Bagicha Singh, and Solow, Robert M. (1961). Capital-labor substitution and economic efficiency. The Review of Economics and Statistics 43 (3), 225–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthur, W. Brian (2020). Algorithms and the Shift in Modern Science. Beijer Institute Discussion Paper 269. Stockholm: Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics. https://beijer.kva.se/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Disc269_Arthur_2020.pdf.Google Scholar
Bellman, Richard (1952). On the theory of dynamic programming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 38 (8), 716–719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellman, Richard (1954). The Theory of Dynamic Programming. Working Paper P-550. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2008/P550.pdf.Google Scholar
Bellman, Richard (1957). Dynamic Programming. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Bellman, Richard, and Cooke, Kenneth L. (1963). Differential-Difference Equations. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Biddle, Jeff E. (2021). Progress through Regression: The Life Story of the Empirical Cobb–Douglas Production Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Birkhoff, George D. (1927). Dynamical Systems. American Mathematical Society, Colloquium Publications vol. 9. New York: American Mathematical Society.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birkhoff, George D. (1943). The mathematical nature of physical theories. American Scientist 31 (4), 280–310.Google Scholar
Borel, Émile (1915). Molecular theories and mathematics. Rice Institute Pamphlet – Rice University Studies 1 (2), 163–193.Google Scholar
Boumans, Marcel (1997). Lucas and artificial worlds. In New Economics and Its History, edited by Davis, John B. History of Political Economy 29 (supplement), 63–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boumans, Marcel (2004). Models in economics. In The Elgar Companion to Economics and Philosophy (pp. 260–282), edited by Davis, John B, Marciano, Alain, and Runde, Jochen. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Boumans, Marcel (2005). How Economists Model the World into Number. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Boumans, Marcel (2020). The engineering tools that shaped the rational expectations revolution. In Economics and Engineering, edited by Duarte, Pedro Garcia and Giraud, Yann. History of Political Economy 52 (supplement), 143–167.Google Scholar
Boumans, Marcel (2023). The history of economics as economic self-portraiture. Journal of the History of Economic Thought 45 (3), 367–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholas, Bourbaki (1950). The architecture of mathematics. The American Mathematical Monthly 57 (4), 221–232.Google Scholar
Brown, James Robert (1999). Philosophy of Mathematics: An Introduction to the World of Proofs and Pictures. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Çevik, Ahmet (2022). Philosophy of Mathematics: Classic and Contemporary Studies. Abingdon: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Church, Alonzo (1936). A note on the Entscheidungsproblem. The Journal of Symbolic Logic 1 (1), 40–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copeland, B. Jack (2004). The Essential Turing: The Ideas That Gave Birth to the Computer Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corry, Leo (1989). Linearity and reflexivity in the growth of mathematical knowledge. Science in Context 3 (2), 409–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corry, Leo (2001). Mathematical structures from Hilbert to Bourbaki: The evolution of an image of mathematics. In Changing Images in Mathematics: From the French Revolution to the New Millennium (pp. 167–185), edited by Bottazzini, Umberto and Dalmedico, Amy Dahan. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cournot, Antoine-Augustin [1897] (1927). Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dalmedico, Amy Dahan (2001). An image conflict in mathematics after 1945. In Changing Images in Mathematics: From the French Revolution to the New Millennium (pp. 223–253), edited by Bottazzini, Umberto and Dalmedico, Amy Dahan. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
da Silva, , Ramalho, Danilo Freitas (2017). Lucas’s research in the late 1960s and the natural rate of unemployment. History of Political Economy 49 (1), 137–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daston, Lorraine, and Sibum, H. Otto (2003). Introduction: Scientific personae and their histories. Science in Context 16 (1–2), 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dauben, Joseph W. (1994). Topology: Invariance of dimension. In Companion Encyclopaedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences (pp. 939–946), edited by Grattan-Guinness, Ivor. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Debreu, Gerard (1984). Economic theory in the mathematical mode. The American Economic Review 74 (3), 267–278.Google Scholar
Debreu, Gerard (1986). Theoretic models: Mathematical form and economic content. Econometrica 54 (6), 1259–1270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchi, De, Neil, , and Gilbert, Christopher, eds. (1989). History and Methodology of Econometrics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Draaisma, Douwe (2009). Disturbances of the Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duarte, Pedro Garcia (2009). A feasible and objective concept of optimal monetary policy: The quadratic loss function in the postwar period. History of Political Economy 41 (1), 1–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duarte, Pedro Garcia, and Giraud, Yann, eds. (2020). Economics and Engineering: Institutions, Practices, and Cultures. History of Political Economy 52 (supplement).Google Scholar
Düppe, Till, and Weintraub, E. Roy (2014a). Siting the new economic science: The Cowles Commission’s activity analysis conference of June 1949. Science in Context 27 (3), 453–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Düppe, Till, and Weintraub, E. Roy (2014b). Finding Equilibrium: Arrow, Debreu, McKenzie and the Problem of Scientific Credit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, Irving (1892). Mathematical investigations in the theory of value and prices. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 9, 1–124.Google Scholar
Fisher, Irving [1897] (1927). Bibliography of mathematical economics. In Cournot [1897] 1927.Google Scholar
Frisch, Ragnar (1926). Sur un problème d’économique pure. Norsk Matematisk Forenings Skrifter 1 (16), 1–40.Google Scholar
Frisch, Ragnar (1929). Statikk og dynamikk i den økonomiske teori. Nationaløkonomisk Tiddsskrift 67, 321–379.Google Scholar
Frisch, Ragnar (1936). On the notion of equilibrium and disequilibrium. The Review of Economic Studies 3 (2), 100–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frisch, Ragnar (1971). On a problem in pure economics. In Preferences, Utility, and Demand: A Minnesota Symposium (pp. 386–423), edited by Chipman, John S., Hurwicz, Leonid, Richter, Marcel K., and Sonnenschein, Hugo F.. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Frisch, Ragnar (1992). Statics and dynamics in economic theory. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 3 (2), 391–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frisch, Ragnar (2011). A Dynamic Approach to Economic Theory: Lectures by Ragnar Frisch at Yale University, edited by Bjerkholt, Olav and Qin, Duo. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Frisch, Ragnar, and Holme, Harold (1935). The characteristic solutions of a mixed difference and differential equation occurring in economic dynamics. Econometrica 3 (2), 225–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galileo, [1623] (1957). The assayer. In Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo (pp. 229–280), translated with an introduction and notes by Stillman Drake. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Haavelmo, Trygve (1944). The Probability Approach in Econometrics. Econometrica 12 (supplement).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halsmayer, Verena (2024). Managing Growth in Miniature: Solow’s Model as an Artifact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertz, Heinrich (1899). The Principles of Mechanics Presented in a New Form. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hilbert, David (1996). Axiomatic thought. In From Kant to Hilbert, Volume 2 (pp. 1107–1115), edited by Ewald, William Bragg. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Holt, Charles C., Modigliani, Franco, Muth, John F., and Simon, Herbert A. (1960). Planning Production, Inventories and Work Force. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Israel, Giorgio (1994). Mathematical economics. In Companion Encyclopaedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences (pp. 939–946), edited by Grattan-Guinness, Ivor. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
James, Robert W., and Belz, Maurice H. (1936). On a mixed difference and differential equation. Econometrica 4 (2), 157–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, Robert W., and Belz, Maurice H. (1938a). The influence of distributed lags on Kalecki’s theory of the trade cycle. Econometrica 6 (2), 159–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, Robert W., and Belz, Maurice H. (1938b). The significance of the characteristic solutions of mixed difference and differential equations. Econometrica 6 (4), 326–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jevons, William S. (1878). Bibliography of works on the mathematical theory of political economy. Journal of the Statistical Society of London 41 (2), 398–401.Google Scholar
Jevons, William S. [1879] (1957). The Theory of Political Economy, 5th ed. New York: Kelley.Google Scholar
Jourdain, Philip E. B. [1912] (1988). The Nature of Mathematics. In The World of Mathematics, Volume 1 (pp. 5–67), edited by Newman, James R.. Redmond: Tempus.Google Scholar
Kailath, Thomas (1974). A view of three decades of linear filtering theory. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Transactions on Information Theory IT-20 (2), 146–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kálmán, Rudolf Emil (1960). A new approach to linear filtering and predictions problems. Journal of Basic Engineering 82, 35–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, Judy L. (2007). Cold War, Dynamic Programming, and the Science of Economizing: Bellman Strikes Gold in Policy Space. Paper presented at the First Annual Conference on the History of Recent Economics (HISRECO), University of Paris X – Nanterre, France, 21–23 June 2007. https://economix.fr/uploads/source/doc/colloques/2007_HISRECO/10_Klein.pdf.Google Scholar
Klein, Judy L. (2015). The Cold War Hot House for Modeling Strategies at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. Working Paper No. 19. New York: Institute for New Economic Thinking. www.ineteconomics.org/uploads/papers/WP19-Klein.pdf.Google Scholar
Klein, Judy L. (2020). Shotgun weddings in control engineering and postwar economics, 1940–72. In Economics and Engineering, edited by Duarte, Pedro Garcia and Giraud, Yann. History of Political Economy 52 (supplement), 115–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koopmans, Tjalling C., ed. (1951). Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Koopmans, Tjalling C. (1964). Economic growth at a maximal rate. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 78 (3), 355–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krantz, David H., Luce, R. Duncan, Suppes, Patrick, and Tversky, Amos (1971). Foundations of Measurement, Volume I: Additive and Polynomial Representations. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kreyszig, Erwin (1978). Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Lakatos, Imre (1963). Proofs and Refutations (I). The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 14 (53), 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakatos, Imre (1964). Proofs and Refutations (IV). The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 14 (56), 296–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakatos, Imre (1970). History of science and its rational reconstructions. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1970, 91–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonard, Robert (2010). Von Neumann, Morgenstern, and the Creation of Game Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, Robert E. (1972). Expectations and the neutrality of money. Journal of Economic Theory 4, 103–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, Robert E. (1973). Some international evidence on output–inflation tradeoffs. American Economic Review 63 (3), 326–334.Google Scholar
Lucas, Robert E. (1975). An equilibrium model of the business cycle. Journal of Political Economy 83 (6), 1113–1144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, Robert E. (1980). Methods and problems in business cycle theory. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 12 (4), 696–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, Robert E. (1986). Adaptive behavior and economic theory. The Journal of Business 59 (4), S401–S426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, Robert E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics 22 (1), 3–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, Robert E., and Prescott, Edward C. (1971). Investment under uncertainty. Econometrica 39 (5), 659–681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, Robert E., and Sargent, Thomas J., eds. (1981). Rational Expectations and Econometric Practice. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Lützen, J. (2005). Mechanistic Images in Geometric Form: Heinrich Hertz’s Principles of Mechanics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMillan, Brockway (1962). Mathematicians and their uses. SIAM (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics) Review 4 (2), 79–90.Google Scholar
Marschak, Jacob (1934). The meetings of the Econometric Society in Leyden, September–October, 1933. Econometrica 2 (2), 187–203.Google Scholar
Maxwell, James Clerk (1855). On Faraday’s lines of force. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 10 (1), 155–229.Google Scholar
Maxwell, James Clerk [1871] (1965). On the mathematical classification of physical quantities. In The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, Volume 2 (pp. 257–266), edited by Niven, William Davidson. New York: Dover.Google Scholar
Mira, Christian (1986). Some historical aspects concerning the theory of dynamic systems. In Dynamical Systems: A Renewal of Mechanism – Centennial of George David Birkhoff (pp. 250–261), edited by Diner, Simon, Fargue, Daniel, and Lochak, Georges. Singapore: World Scientific.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, Mary S. (1990). History of Econometric Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, Mary S. (2003). Economics. In The Modern Social Sciences. The Cambridge History of Science vol. 7 (pp. 275–305), edited by Porter, Theodore M. and Ross, Dorothy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, Mary S. (2012). The World in the Model: How Economists Work and Think. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John F, Muth. (1961). Rational expectations and the theory of price movements. Econometrica 29 (3), 315–335.Google Scholar
Nagel, Ernest (1961). The Structure of Science. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poincare, Henri (1914). Science and Method. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons. Translation by F. Maitland of Science et Méthode (1908), with a preface by B. Russell. Paris: Flammarion.Google Scholar
Prescott, Edward C., and Kydland, Finn E. (1989). A FORTRAN Subroutine for Efficiently Computing HP-filtered Time Series. Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank Research Memorandum.Google Scholar
Samuelson, Paul A. (1939). Interactions between the multiplier analysis and the principle of acceleration. The Review of Economics and Statistics 21 (2), 75–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelson, Paul A. (1941). The stability of equilibrium: Comparative statics and dynamics. Econometrica 9 (2), 97–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelson, Paul A. (1942). The stability of equilibrium: Linear and nonlinear systems. Econometrica 10 (1), 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelson, Paul A. (1943). Dynamics, statics, and the stationary state. The Review of Economics and Statistics 25 (1), 58–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelson, Paul A. (1947). Foundations of Economic Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sargent, Thomas J. (2024). Rational expectations. In Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, edited by David R. Henderson. www.econlib.org/library/Enc/RationalExpectations.html.Google Scholar
Sent, Esther-Mirjam (1997). Engineering dynamic economics. In New Economics and Its History, edited by Davis, John B. History of Political Economy 29 (supplement), 41–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sent, Esther-Mirjam (1998). The Evolving Rationality of Rational Expectations: An Assessment of Thomas Sargent’s Achievements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shannon, Claude E. (1948). Mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal 27, 379–423, 623–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, Herbert A., and Holt, Charles C. (1954). The control of inventories and production rates – a survey. Journal of the Operations Research Society of America 2 (3), 289–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solow, Robert M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 70 (1), 65–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solow, Robert M. (1957). Technical change and the aggregate production function. The Review of Economics and Statistics 39 (3), 312–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stapleford, Thomas A. (2017). Historical epistemology and the history of economics: Views through the lens of practice. Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology 35A, 113–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suppes, Patrick (1960). A comparison of the meaning and uses of models in mathematics and the empirical sciences. Synthese 12 (2/3), 287–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinbergen, Jan (1933). Statistiek en Wiskunde in Dienst van het Konjunktuuronderzoek. Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers.Google Scholar
Tinbergen, Jan (1935). Annual survey: Suggestions on quantitative business cycle theory. Econometrica 3 (3), 241–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turing, Alan M. (1936). On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 42, 230–265.Google Scholar
van Dalen, , Dirk, (1999). Mystic, Geometer, and Intuitionist: The Life of L. E. J. Brouwer, Volume I: The Dawning Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
van der Waerden, , Bartel, L. (1940). Moderne Algebra, 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Neumann, John [1937] (1945). A model of general equilibrium. Review of Economic Studies 13 (1), 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Neumann, John [1947] (1961). The mathematician. In John von Neumann: Collected Works, Volume 1 (pp. 1–9), edited by Taub, Abraham H.. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
von Neumann, J. [1951] (1963). The general and logical theory of automata. In John von Neumann: Collected Works, Volume 5 (pp. 288–318), edited by Taub, Abraham H.. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
von Neumann, John, and Morgenstern, Oskar [1944] (1953). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, 3rd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Walras, Léon (1878). Bibliographie des ouvrages relatifs à l’application des mathématiques a l’économie politique. Journal des Économistes 4th ser., 4 (December), 470–477.Google Scholar
Weintraub, E. Roy (1979). Microfoundations: The Compatibility of Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weintraub, E. Roy (1983). On the existence of a competitive equilibrium: 1930–1954. Journal of Economic Literature 21 (1), 1–39.Google Scholar
Weintraub, E. Roy (1985). General Equilibrium Analysis: Studies in Appraisal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weintraub, E. Roy (1991). Stabilizing Dynamics: Constructing Economic Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weintraub, E. Roy (2002). How Economics Became a Mathematical Science. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfe, Philip (1985). The Mathematical Programming Society. Optima: Mathematical Programming Society Newsletter no. 16, 1–6.Google Scholar
Woody, Alison I. (2014). Chemistry’s periodic law: Rethinking representation and explanation after the turn to practice. In Science after the Practice Turn in the Philosophy, History, and Social Studies of Science (pp. 123–150), edited by Soler, Léna, Zwart, Sjoerd, Lynch, Michael, and Israel-Jost, Vincent. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.1 AA
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
The HTML of this Element
complies with version 2.1 of the
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
(WCAG), covering newer accessibility requirements and improved
user experiences and achieves the intermediate
(AA)
level of WCAG compliance, covering a wider range of accessibility requirements.
Content Navigation
Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Reading Order & Textual Equivalents
Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.
Full alternative textual descriptions
You get more than just short alt text: you have comprehensive text equivalents, transcripts, captions, or audio descriptions for substantial non‐text content, which is especially helpful for complex visuals or multimedia.
You get more than just short alt text: you have comprehensive text equivalents, transcripts, captions, or audio descriptions for substantial non‐text content, which is especially helpful for complex visuals or multimedia.
Visual Accessibility
Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.
Structural and Technical Features
ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.
- 1
- Cited by