Hostname: page-component-74656f9884-2dmjx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-09T06:51:50.050Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Why minds create gods: Devotion, deception, death, and arational decision making

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2005

Scott Atran  and
Ara Norenzayan
Scott Atran*
Affiliation:
CNRS, Institut Jean Nicod, 75007 Paris, France; Institute for Social Research–University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 http://www.institutnicod.org
Ara Norenzayan*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada www.psych.ubc.ca/~ara
*
satran@umich.edu
ara@psych.ubc.ca
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' action button.

The evolutionary landscape that canalizes human thought and behavior into religious beliefs and practices includes naturally selected emotions, cognitive modules, and constraints on social interactions. Evolutionary by-products, including metacognitive awareness of death and possibilities for deception, further channel people into religious paths. Religion represents a community's costly commitment to a counterintuitive world of supernatural agents who manage people's existential anxieties. Religious devotion, though not an adaptation, informs all cultures and most people.

Information

Type
Authors' Response
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 27 , Issue 6 , December 2004 , pp. 754 - 770
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2004

References

Abramowitz, J., Huppert, J., Cohen, A. B., Cahill, S. P. & Tolin, D. F. (2002) Religious obsessions and compulsions in a non-clinical sample: The Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity. Behaviour Research and Therapy 40:825–38. [ABC]10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00070-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainslie, G. (1995) A utility-maximizing mechanism for vicarious reward. Rationality and Society 7:393–403. [GA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainslie, G. (2001) Breakdown of will. Cambridge University Press. [GA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, R. (1979) Darwinism and human affairs. University of Washington Press. [rSA]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. (1987) The biology of moral systems. Aldine de Gruyter. [aSA]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. (1989) Evolution of the human psyche. In: The human revolution, ed. Stringer, C.. The University of Edinburgh Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Allport, G. W. (1956) The nature of prejudice. Harvard University Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Allport, G. W. & Ross, J. M. (1967) Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5:432–43. [ABC]10.1037/h0021212CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andresen, J., ed. (2001) Religion in mind. Cambridge University Press. [aSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aristotle, (1958) The politics of Aristotle. Barker, E. (transl. ed.). Oxford University Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Aristotle, (1963) Aristotle's categories and de interpretatione. J. L. Ackrill (transl.). Oxford University Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Aristotle, (1980) Aristotle's categories and propositions (de interpretatione). Apostle, H. G. (ed., transl). Grinell, IA: Peripatetic Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Arther, D. E. (2001) Paul Tillich's perspectives on ways of relating science and religion. Zygon/Journal of Religion and Science 36:261–67. [RBG]Google Scholar
Atran, S. (1986) Fondements de l’histoire naturelle. Editions Complexe. [rSA]Google Scholar
Atran, S. (1989) Basic conceptual domains. Mind and Language 4:7–16. [aSA]10.1111/j.1468-0017.1989.tb00234.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atran, S. (1990) Cognitive foundations of natural history. Cambridge University Press. [arSA]Google Scholar
Atran, S. (1996) Modes of thinking about living kinds. In: Modes of thought, ed. Olson, D. & Torrance, N.. Cambridge University Press. [aSA].Google Scholar
Atran, S. (1998) Folkbiology and the anthropology of science: Cognitive universals and cultural particulars. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21:547–609. [arSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atran, S. (2001a) The case for modularity: Sin or salvation? Evolution and Cognition 7:46–55. [rSA]Google Scholar
Atran, S. (2001b) The trouble with memes: Inference versus imitation in cultural creation. Human Nature 12:351–81. [arSA]10.1007/s12110-001-1003-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atran, S. (2002a) In gods we trust: The evolutionary landscape of religion. Oxford University Press. [arSA, JLB, BRC, TK, LHM, IP, DS, RS, HW]Google Scholar
Atran, S. (2002b) The neuropsychology of religion. In: Neurotheology, ed. Joseph, R.. University Press California. [aSA]Google Scholar
Atran, S. (2003a) Genesis of suicide terrorism. Science 299:1534–39 (including supplementary online materials available at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/299/5612/1534/DC1). [arSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atran, S. (2003b) Théorie cognitive de la culture. L’Homme 166:107–144. [aSA]Google Scholar
Atran, S. (2004a) Combating Al Qaeda's splinters: Mishandling suicide terrorism. The Washington Quarterly 27:67–90. [rSA]Google Scholar
Atran, S. (2004b) The jihadist mutation. Jamestown Terrorist Monitor 2(6):1–4, http://www.jamestown.org/news_details.php?news_id_40. [rSA]Google Scholar
Atran, S. (2005) Adaptationism in human cognition: Strong, spurious, or weak? Mind and Language 20(1):39–67. [arSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atran, S., Medin, D. & Ross, N. (2004) Evolution and devolution of knowledge: A tale of two biologies. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 10:395–420. [rSA]10.1111/j.1467-9655.2004.00195.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atran, S., Medin, D., Ross, N., Lynch, E., Vapnarsky, V., Ucan Ek,’, E., Coley, J., Timura, C. & Baran, M. (2002) Folkecology, cultural epidemiology, and the spirit of the commons: A “garden experiment” in the Maya Lowlands, 1991– 2001. Current Anthropology 43:421–50.[arSA]10.1086/339528CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atran, S. & Sperber, D. (1991) Learning without teaching. In: Culture, schooling and psychological development, ed. Tolchinsky-Landsmann, L.. Ablex. [aSA]Google Scholar
Attridge, H. W. (1978) The philosophical critique of religion under the early empire. In: Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt II, vol. 16, no. 1, ed. Temporini, H. & Haase, W., pp. 45–78. de Gruyter. [LHM]Google Scholar
Aunger, R. (2002) The electric meme. Simon & Schuster. [NN]Google Scholar
Avis, J. & Harris, P. (1991) Belief-desire reasoning among Baka children. Child Development 62:460–67. [aSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, R. (1984) The evolution of cooperation. Basic Books. [aSA]Google Scholar
Ayer, A. J. (1950) Language, truth, and logic. Dover. [aSA]Google Scholar
Barbour, I. (1997) Religion and science: Historical and contemporary issues. HarperCollins. [RBG]Google Scholar
Bargh, J. A, Chen, M. & Burrows, L. (1996) Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71(2):230–44. [BRC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barkow, J., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., eds. (1992) The adapted mind. Oxford University Press. [rSA]10.1093/oso/9780195060232.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J. & Spranca, M. (1997) Protected values. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 70:1–16. [rSA]10.1006/obhd.1997.2690CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S. (1995) Mindblindness. MIT Press. [aSA]10.7551/mitpress/4635.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, D. B., Kurian, G. T. & Johnson, T. M. (2001) World Christian encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press. [HNQ]Google Scholar
Barrett, J. L. (1998) Cognitive constraints on Hindu concepts of the divine. Journal for Scientific Study of Religion 37:608–19. [arSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, J. L. (1999) Theological correctness: Cognitive constraint and the study of religion. Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 11:325–39. [JLB]10.1163/157006899X00078CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, J. L. (2000) Exploring the natural foundations of religion. Trends in Cognitive Science 4:29–34. [aSA, JMB, BRC, DK, LHM, HW]10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01419-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrett, J. L. (2004) Why would anyone believe in God? Altamira Press. [JLB, DK, IP]Google Scholar
Barrett, J. L. & Keil, F. C. (1996) Anthropomorphism and God concepts: Conceptualizing a non-natural entity. Cognitive Psychology 31:219–47. [arSA, JLB, BRC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, J. L. & Nyhof, M. A. (2001) Spreading non-natural concepts: The role of intuitive conceptual structures in memory and transmission of cultural materials. Journal of Cognition and Culture 1:69–100. [aSA, JLB, BRC]10.1163/156853701300063589CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, J., Richert, R. & Driesenga, A. (2001) God's beliefs versus mother’s. Child Development 72:50–65. [aSA]10.1111/1467-8624.00265CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barsalou, L. W. (1999) Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:577–609. [BRC]10.1017/S0140525X99002149CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barsalou, L. W. (2003) Situated simulation in the human conceptual system. Language and Cognitive Processes 5(6):513–62. [BRC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barsalou, L. W., Barbey, A. K. & Hase, S. (in preparation) Evidence for the spontaneous generation of actions during conceptual processing. [BRC]Google Scholar
Barsalou, L., Barbey, A., Simmon, W. K. & Santos, A. (in press) Embodiment in religious knowledge. Journal of Cognition and Culture. [rSA]Google Scholar
Barsalou, L. W., Niedenthal, P. M., Barbey, A. & Ruppert, J. (2003a) Social embodiment. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 43, ed. Ross, B.. Academic Press. [BRC]Google Scholar
Barsalou, L. W., Simmons, W. K., Barbey, A. K. & Wilson, C. D. (2003b) Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality-specific systems. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7:84–91. [BRC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barth, F. (1975) Ritual and knowledge among the Baktaman of New Guinea. Yale University Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Bartlett, D. E. (1954) The concept of the end of history in the writings of Reinhold Niebuhr and Paul Tillich. UMI Dissertation Services. [RBG]Google Scholar
Bartlett, F. (1932/1995) Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge University Press. [aSA, RBG]Google Scholar
Bateson, G. (1958) Naven. Stanford University Press. [aSA]10.1515/9781503621138CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, E. (1971) The birth and death of meaning. Free Press. [MJL]Google Scholar
Becker, E. (1973) The denial of death. Free Press. [aSA, MJL]Google Scholar
Begley, S. (2004) Alternate peer groups may offer way to deter some suicide bombers. Wall Street Journal, October 8, 2004, p. B1. [rSA]Google Scholar
Ben-Amos, P. G. (1994) The promise of greatness: Women and power in an Edo spirit possession cult. In: Religion in Africa, ed. Blakely, T., van Beek, W. & Thomson, D.. Heinemann. [aSA]Google Scholar
Bergin, A. E. (1983) Religiosity and mental health: A critical revaluation and metaanalysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 14:170–84. [IP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bering, J. M. (2002) The existential theory of mind. Review of General Psychology 6:3–24. [JMB]10.1037/1089-2680.6.1.3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bering, J. M. (2003) On reading symbolic random events. Children's causal reasoning about unexpected occurrences. Paper presented at the Psychological and Cognitive Foundations of Religiosity Conference, Atlanta, GA, August 2003. [JMB, DK]Google Scholar
Bering, J. M. (2003) (in press) The evolutionary history of an illusion: Religious causal beliefs in children and adults. In: Origins of the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and child development, ed. Ellis, B. & Bjorklund, D.. Guilford Press. [JMB]Google Scholar
Bering, J. & Bjorklund, D. (2002) Simulation constraints on the development of death representation. Paper presented at the “Minds and Gods” Conference, University of Michigan and John Templeton Foundation, Ann Arbor, MI, March 2002. [aSA]Google Scholar
Bering, J. & Johnson, D. D. P. (in press) “O Lord … you perceive my thoughts from afar”: The role of recursiveness in the cognitive evolution of religion. Journal of Cognition and Culture. [JMB]Google Scholar
Berlin, B. (1992) Ethnobiological classification. Princeton University. [aSA]10.1515/9781400862597CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlin, B., Breedlove, D. & Raven, P. (1973) General principles of classification and nomenclature in folk biology. American Anthropologist 74:214–42. [rSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berthier, N. E., DeBlois, S., Poirier, C. R., Novak, M. A. & Clifton, R. K. (2000) Where's the ball? Two- and three-year-olds reason about unseen events. Developmental Psychology 36(3):394–401. [NN]10.1037/0012-1649.36.3.394CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Betzig, L. (1995) Medieval monogamy. Journal of Family History 20:181–215. [HNQ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackmore, S. (1999) The meme machine. Oxford University Press. [arSA, NN]Google Scholar
Bloom, P. & Veres, C. (1999) The perceived intentionality of groups. Cognition 71:(B)1–9. [aSA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boehm, C. (1999) Hierarchy in the forest. Harvard University Press. [aSA, CK]10.4159/9780674028449CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boster, J. S. (1991) The information economy model applied to biological similarity judgment. In: Perspectives on socially shared cognition, ed. Resnick, L. B., Levine, J. M. & Teasley, S. D., pp. 203–25. American Psychological Association. [MS]10.1037/10096-009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1969) Attachment and loss, vol. 1: Attachment. Basic Books. [aSA]Google Scholar
Boyer, P. (1994) The naturalness of religious ideas: A cognitive theory of religion. University of California Press. [arSA, JLB, LAK, DK, IP, LHM, DS, HW]10.1525/9780520911628CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyer, P. (1995) Causal understandings in cultural representations: Cognitive constraints on inferences from cultural input. In: Causal cognition: A multidisciplinary debate, ed. Sperber, D., Premack, D. & Premack, A. J., pp. 615–44. Clarendon Press. [JLB]Google Scholar
Boyer, P. (1996) What makes anthropomorphism natural: Intuitive ontology and cultural representations. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 2:83–97. [JLB]10.2307/3034634CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyer, P. (1997) Cognitive tracks of cultural inheritance. American Anthropologist 100:876–89. [aSA]10.1525/aa.1998.100.4.876CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyer, P. (1998a) Cultural transmission with an evolved intuitive ontology: Domainspecific cognitive tracks of inheritance (Response to Atran). Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21:570–71. [rSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyer, P. (1998b) Cognitive tracks of cultural inheritance: How evolved intuitive ontology governs cultural transmission. American Anthropologist 100:876–89. [JLB]10.1525/aa.1998.100.4.876CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyer, P. (2000) Functional origins of religious concepts. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 6:195–214. [aSA]10.1111/1467-9655.00012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyer, P. (2001) Religion explained: The evolutionary origins of religious thought. Basic Books. [arSA, JLB, JMB, BRC, DK, LAK, LHM, NN, IP, DS, HW]Google Scholar
Boyer, P. (2003) Religious thought and behaviour as by-products of brain function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7:119–24. [JLB, rSA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyer, P. & Ramble, C. (2001) Cognitive templates for religious concepts: Crosscultural evidence for recall of counter-intuitive representations. Cognitive Science 25:535–64. [aSA, JLB]Google Scholar
Brantingham, P. J. (1998) Hominid–carnivore coevolution and invasion of the predatory guild. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 176:327–53. [TK]10.1006/jaar.1998.0326CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breed, D. (1992) Yoking science and religion: The life and thought of Ralph Wendell Burhoe. Zygon Books. [RBG]Google Scholar
Brosnan, S. F. & de Waal, F. B. M. (2003) Monkeys reject unequal pay. Nature 425:297–99. [MSt]10.1038/nature01963CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bulkeley, K. (1994) The wilderness of dreams: Exploring the religious meanings of dreams in modern western culture. State University of New York Press. [KB]Google Scholar
Bulkeley, K. (1995) Spiritual dreaming: A cross-cultural and historical journey. Paulist Press. [KB]Google Scholar
Bulkeley, K. (1999) Visions of the night: Dreams, religion, and psychology. State University of New York Press. [KB]Google Scholar
Bulkeley, K. ed. (2001) Dreams: A reader on the religious, cultural, and psychological dimensions of dreaming. Palgrave. [KB]10.1007/978-1-137-08545-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burhoe, R. W. (1981) Toward a scientific theology. Christian Journals Limited. [RBG]Google Scholar
Burkert, W. (1996) Creation of the sacred. Harvard University Press. [arSA]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M., Haselton, M. G., Shackelford, T. K., Bleske, A. L. & Wakefield, J. C. (1998) Adaptations, exaptations, and spandrels. American Psychologist 53:533–48. [LAK]10.1037/0003-066X.53.5.533CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cahill, L., Prins, B., Weber, M. & McGaugh, J. (1994) Beta-adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events. Nature 371:702–704. [aSA, RBG, RS]10.1038/371702a0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, D. T. (1976) On the conflicts between biological and social evolution and between psychology and moral tradition. American Psychologist 30:1103–26. [RBG]10.1037/0003-066X.30.12.1103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, J. (1975) The mythic image. Princeton University Press. [rSA]Google Scholar
Carneiro, E. (1940) The structure of African cults in Bahia. Journal of American Folk-Lore 53:271–78. [aSA]Google Scholar
Case, R. (1995) Capacity-based explanations of working memory growth: A brief history and reevaluation. In: Memory performance and competencies: Issues in growth and development, ed. Weinert, F. E. & Schneider, W.. Erlbaum. [RBG]Google Scholar
Casler, K. & Kelemen, D. (2003) Teleological explanation and conceptual change: Reasoning about nature among Romanian Roma (Gypsies). Poster presented at the meeting of the Cognitive Development Society, Park City, UT. [DK]Google Scholar
Choi, I., Nisbett, R. E. & Norenzayan, A. (1999). Causal attribution across cultures: Variation and universality. Psychological Bulletin 125:47–63. [aSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, A. B., Hall, D. E., Koenig, H. G. & Meador, K. G. (2005) Social versus individual motivation: Implications for normative definitions of religious orientation. Personality and Social Psychology Review 9:48–61. [ABC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, A. B. & Rozin, P. (2001) Religion and the morality of mentality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81:697–710. [ABC]10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.697CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, A. B., Siegel, J. I. & Rozin, P. (2003) Faith versus practice: Different bases for religiosity judgments by Jews and Protestants. European Journal of Social Psychology 33:287–95. [ABC]10.1002/ejsp.148CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, J. & Stingl, M. (1993) Evolutionary naturalism and the objectivity of morality. Biology and Philosophy 8:47–60. [MSt]10.1007/BF00868505CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, N. (2001) The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:87–105. [RBG]10.1017/S0140525X01003922CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crooke, W. (1907) The native races of Northern India. Archibald Constable. [aSA]Google Scholar
Cruse, H. (2003) The evolution of cognition – a hypothesis. Cognitive Science 27:135–55. [IP]10.1207/s15516709cog2701_5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Csibra, G., Gergely, G., Bíró, S., Koós, O. & Brockbank, M. (1999) Goal attribution without agency cues. Cognition 72:237–67. [aSA, DK]10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00039-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cupitt, D. (1980) Taking leave of God. SCM Press. [EW]Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1872/1965) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. University of Chicago Press. [aSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C. (1859) On the origins of species by means of natural selection. Murray. [aSA]Google Scholar
Darwin, F., ed. (1888) The life and letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 3. Murray. [LHM]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1976) The selfish gene. Oxford University Press. [arSA, NN]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1982) The extended phenotype. Oxford University Press. [NN]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1989) The selfish gene, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press. [GA]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1998) Unweaving the rainbow. Houghton Mifflin. [arSA]Google Scholar
Deacon, T. W. (1997) The symbolic species: The co-evolution of language and the brain. W. W. Norton. [MJL]Google Scholar
Dechesne, M., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., Ransom, S., Sheldon, K., van Knippenberg, A. & Janssen, J. (2003) Literal and symbolic immortality: The effect of evidence of literal immortality on self-esteem striving in response to mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84:722–37. [MJL]10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.722CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Landa, D. (1566/1985) Relación de la cosas de Yucatán, ed. Rivera Dorado, M.. Crónicas de America, no. 7. Historia 16. [aSA]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1978) Response to Premack and Woodruff: Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:568–70. [aSA]10.1017/S0140525X00076664CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. (1995) Darwin's dangerous idea. Simon and Schuster. [arSA]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1997) Appraising grace: What evolutionary good is God? The Sciences 37:39–44. [aSA]10.1002/j.2326-1951.1997.tb03285.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhabar, F. & McEwen, B. (1999) Enhancing versus suppressive effects of stress hormones on skin immune function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 96:1059–64. [aSA]10.1073/pnas.96.3.1059CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, J. (1966) Zoological classification of a primitive people. Science 15:1102–104. [aSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, J. (1997) Guns, germs, and steel. Norton. [rSA]Google Scholar
Domhoff, G. W. (1996) Finding meaning in dreams: A quantitative approach. Plenum. [KB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domhoff, G. W. (2003) The scientific study of dreams: Neural networks, cognitive development, and content analysis. American Psychological Association. [KB]10.1037/10463-000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donovan, E. & Kelemen, D. (2003) Young children's reasoning about natural phenomena. Poster presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Tampa, FL. [DK]Google Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. (1996) Grooming, gossip and the evolution of language. Faber & Faber. [aSA, MS]Google Scholar
Durham, W. H. (1991) Coevolution: Genes, culture, and human diversity. Stanford University Press. [NN, HNQ]10.1515/9781503621534CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1912/1995) The elementary forms of religious life. Free Press. [arSA, RS]Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1915/1976) The elementary forms of religious life, trans. Swain, J. W.. Allen & Unwin. [LHM, EW]Google Scholar
Ekman, P. (1992) An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion 6:169–200. [aSA]10.1080/02699939208411068CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elman, J. L., Bates, E. A., Johnson, M. H., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Parisi, D. & Plunkett, K. (1996) Rethinking innateness. Bradford Books/MIT Press. [NN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emmons, R. A. & Paloutzian, R. F. (2003) The psychology of religion. Annual Review of Psychology 54:377–402. [IP]10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145024CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ericsson, K. A. (1996) The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports and games. Erlbaum. [RBG]Google Scholar
Erikson, E. (1963) Childhood and society. Norton. [aSA]Google Scholar
Evans, E. M. (2001) Cognitive and contextual factors in the emergence of diverse belief systems: Creation versus evolution. Cognitive Psychology 42:217–66. [DK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans-Pritchard, E. (1940) The Nuer. Oxford University Press. [arSA]Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. (1960) Zande cannibalism. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 90:238–58. [aSA]Google Scholar
Ewer, R. F. (1973) Carnivores. Cornell University Press. [TK]Google Scholar
Fabrega, H. Jr. (1997) Evolution of sickness and healing. University of California Press. [HF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fabrega, H. Jr. (2002) Origins of psychopathology: The phylogenetic and cultural basis of mental illness. Rutgers University Press. [HF]Google Scholar
Fabrega, H. Jr. (2004) Early lineage of psychiatry. Unpublished manuscript. [HF]Google Scholar
Feuerbach, L. (1843/1972) The fiery book. Anchor Books. [aSA]Google Scholar
Firth, R. (1963) Offering and sacrifice. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 93:12–24. [arSA]Google Scholar
Fiske, A. & Tetlock, P. (1997) Taboo tradeoffs: Reactions to transactions that transgress the spheres of justice. Political Psychology 18:255–97. [rSA]10.1111/0162-895X.00058CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flanagan, O. (2000) Dreaming souls: Sleep, dreams, and the evolution of the conscious mind. Oxford University Press. [KB]Google Scholar
Flavell, J. H., Zhang, X.-D., Zou, H., Dong, Q. & Qui, S. (1983) A comparison of the appearance-reality distinction in the People's Republic of China and the United States. Cognitive Psychology 15:459–66. [aSA]10.1016/0010-0285(83)90015-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983) The modularity of mind. MIT Press/Bradford Books. [rSA, NN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foulkes, D. (1999) Children's dreaming and the development of consciousness. Harvard University Press. [KB]10.4159/9780674037168CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, R. (1988) Passions within reason. Norton. [aSA]Google Scholar
Frank, R. H., Gilovich, T. & Regan, D. (1993) Does studying economics inhibit cooperation? Journal of Economic Perspectives 7:159–71. [GA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freud, S. (1913/1990) Totem and taboo. Norton. [aSA]Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1930/1961) Civilization and its discontents, trans. Strachey, J.. Norton. (Original edition, 1930.) [KB]Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. (1995) Trust. Free Press. [rSA]Google Scholar
Gardin, S. K. (1988) The laws of Taharat HaMishpacha: Potential effects on fertility. Journal of Biosocial Science 20:9–17. [ABC]Google ScholarPubMed
Gardiner, A. H. (1932) The theory of speech and language. Clarendon Press. [EW]Google Scholar
Garland, R. (1985) The Greek way of death. Cornell University Press. [LHM]Google Scholar
Gartner, J. (2002) Religious commitment, mental health, and prosocial behavior: A review of the empirical literature. In: Religion and the practice of clinical psychology, ed. Shafranske, E.. American Psychological Association. [IP]Google Scholar
Geary, D. & Huffman, K. (2002) Brain and cognitive evolution. Psychological Bulletin 128:667–98. [aSA]10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.667CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geertz, C. (1973) The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. Basic Books. [EW]Google Scholar
Geitner, P. (1999) Pope praises Copernicus. Associated Press wire, June 7th. [rSA]Google Scholar
George, L. K, Ellison, C. G. & Larson, D. B. (2002) Explaining the relationships between religious involvement and health. Psychological Inquiry 13(3):190–200. [IP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbon, E. (1994) The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. Penguin. [rSA]Google Scholar
Gilkey, L. (2001) On Niebuhr: A theological study. University of Chicago Press. [RBG]Google Scholar
Glassman, R. B. (1996) Cognitive theism: Sources of accommodation between secularism and religion. Zygon/Journal of Religion and Science 31:157–207. [RBG]Google Scholar
Glassman, R. B. (1998) Symbioses can transcend particularisms: A memoir of friendship with Ralph Wendell Burhoe. Zygon/Journal of Religion and Science 33:661–83. [RBG]Google Scholar
Glassman, R. B. (1999) A working memory “theory of relativity”: Elasticity over temporal, spatial, and modality ranges conserves 7_2 item capacity in radial maze, verbal tasks, and other cognition. Brain Research Bulletin 48:475–89. [RBG]10.1016/S0361-9230(99)00026-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glassman, R. B. (2000) A “theory of relativity” for cognitive elasticity of time and modality dimensions supporting constant working memory capacity: Involvement of harmonics among ultradian clocks? Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 24:163–82. [RBG]10.1016/S0278-5846(99)00096-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glassman, R. B. (2003) Topology and graph theory applied to cortical anatomy may help explain working memory capacity for three or four simultaneous items. Brain Research Bulletin 60:25–42. [RBG]10.1016/S0361-9230(03)00030-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glassman, R. B., Leniek, K. M. & Haegerich, T. M. (1998) Human working memory capacity is 7_2 in a radial maze with distracting interruption: Possible implication for neural mechanisms of declarative and implicit longterm memory. Brain Research Bulletin 47:249–56. [RBG]10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00083-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, R. (1964) Religious thinking from childhood to adolescence. Routledge. [aSA]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1991) Exaptation: A crucial tool for evolutionary psychology. Journal of Social Issues 47:43–65. [JMB]10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb01822.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greeley, A. (1975) The sociology of the paranormal. Sage. [aSA]Google Scholar
Green, D. M. & Swets, J. A. (1966) Signal detection theory and psychophysics. Wiley. [TK]Google Scholar
Greenberg, J., Landau, M. J., Solomon, S. & Pyszczynski, T. (2005) What is the primary psychological function of religion? In: Handbook of the psychology of religion, ed. Wulff, D. M.. Oxford University Press. [MJL]Google Scholar
Greenberg, J., Martens, A., Jonas, E., Eisenstadt, D., Pyszczynski, T. & Solomon, S. (2003) Psychological defense in anticipation of anxiety: Eliminating the potential for anxiety eliminates the effect of mortality salience on worldview defense. Psychological Science 14:516–19. [MJL]10.1111/1467-9280.03454CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T. & Solomon, S. (1986) The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: A terror management theory. In: Public self and private self, ed. Baumeister, R. F., pp. 189–212. Springer-Verlag. [MJL]10.1007/978-1-4613-9564-5_10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S. & Lyon, D. (1990) Evidence for terror management II: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58:308–18. [aSA, MJL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Porteus, J., Pyszczynski, T. & Solomon, S. (1995) Evidence of a terror management function of cultural icons: The effects of mortality salience on the inappropriate use of cherished cultural symbols. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21:1221–28. [MJL]10.1177/01461672952111010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, J., Solomon, S. & Pyszczynski, T. (1997) Terror management theory of self-esteem and cultural worldviews: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 29, ed. Zanna, M., pp. 61–139. Academic Press. [MJL]Google Scholar
Guthrie, S. G. (1980) A cognitive theory of religion. Current Anthropology 21(2):181–203. [LHM, HW]10.1086/202429CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guthrie, S. G. (1993) Faces in the clouds: A new theory of religion. Oxford University Press. [aSA, JMB, DK, LAK, LHM, HW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guthrie, S. G. (2002) Animal animism: Evolutionary roots of religious cognition. In: Current approaches in the cognitive science of religion, ed. Pyysiäinen, I. & Anttonen, V.. Continuum. [DK]Google Scholar
Haidt, J. (2001) The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review 108:814–34. [MS]10.1037/0033-295X.108.4.814CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hager, B. J. (1992) Get thee to a nunnery: Female religious claustration in medieval Europe. Ethology and Sociobiology 13:385–407. [HNQ]10.1016/0162-3095(92)90010-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, W. (1964) The genetical evolution of social behavior. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7:1–52. [aSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, W. & Orians, G. (1965) Evolution of brood parasitism in altricial birds. Condor 67:361–82. [aSA]10.2307/1365631CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, I. & Norenzayan, A. (2005) Religious devotion, religious exclusivity, and tolerance for religious outsiders. Unpublished manuscript, University of British Columbia. [rSA]Google Scholar
Hardin, R. (1995) One for all: The logic of group conflict. Princeton University Press. [rSA]Google Scholar
Hare, B., Call, J. & Tomasello, M. (2001) Do chimpanzees know what conspecifics know? Animal Behaviour 61:139–51. [aSA]10.1006/anbe.2000.1518CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harman, G. (1977) The nature of morality. Oxford University Press. [MSt]Google Scholar
Harris, M. (1974) Cows, pigs, wars, and witches. Random House. [aSA]Google Scholar
Harris, M. (1994) Studies in Jewish dream interpretation. Jason Aronson. [KB]Google Scholar
Harris, P. L. (1987) Children and emotion: The development of psychological understanding. Blackwell. [GA]Google Scholar
Harrison, J. E. (1909) The influence of Darwinism on the study of religions. In: Darwin and modern science, ed. Seward, A. C., pp. 494–511. Cambridge University Press. [LHM]Google Scholar
Hartmann, E. (1998) Dreams and nightmares: The new theory on the origin and meaning of dreams. Plenum. [KB]Google Scholar
Harton, H. C. & Bourgeois, M. J. (2004) Cultural elements emerge from dynamic social impact. In: The psychological foundations of culture, ed. Schaller, M. & Crandall, C. S., pp. 41–75. Erlbaum. [MS]Google Scholar
Haselton, M. G. & Buss, D. M. (2000) Error management theory: A new perspective on biases in cross-sex mind reading. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78:81–91. [TK]10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.81CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauser, M. (2000) What animals really think. Henry Holt. [aSA]Google Scholar
Heath, C., Bell, C. & Sternberg, E. (2001) Emotional selection in memes: The case of urban legends. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81:1028–41. [MS]10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1028CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hefner, P. (2002) Science and the religions: Introduction to the symposium. Zygon/Journal of Religion and Science 37:35–36. [RBG]Google Scholar
Heider, F. & Simmel, S. (1944) An experimental study of apparent behavior. American Journal of Psychology 57:243–59. [aSA]10.2307/1416950CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heschel, A. J. (1962) The prophets, vol. 2. Harper & Row. [RBG]Google Scholar
Heylighen, F. (1991) Structuring knowledge in a network of concepts. In: Workbook of the 1st Principia Cybernetica Workshop, ed. Heylighen, F., pp. 52–58. Principia Cybernetica. [NN]Google Scholar
Hill, P. C. & Pargament, K. I. (2003) Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist 58:64–74. [ABC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinde, R. A. (1999) Why gods persist: A scientific approach to religion. Routledge. [MJL]Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, L. (1996) Race in the making. MIT Press. [arSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschfeld, L. & Gelman, S., eds. (1994) Mapping the mind. Cambridge University Press. [arSA]10.1017/CBO9780511752902CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobbes, T. (1651/1901) Leviathan. E. P. Dutton. [aSA]Google Scholar
Hobson, J. A. (1988) The dreaming brain. Basic Books. [KB]Google Scholar
Hobson, J. A. (1999) Dreaming as delirium: How the brain goes out of its mind. MIT Press. [KB]10.7551/mitpress/2497.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogan, R. & Smither, R. (2001) Personality. Westview Press. [RH]Google Scholar
Hood, R. W., Spilke, B., Hunsberger, B. & Gorsuch, R. (1996) The psychology of religion. Guilford. [MJL]Google Scholar
Horton, R. (1967) African thought and western science. Africa 37:50–71; 159–87. [arSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, D. (2000) Taking memetics seriously: Memetics will be what we make it. In: Darwinizing culture, ed. Aunger, R., pp. 43–67. Oxford University Press. [NN]Google Scholar
Hume, D. (1757/1956) The natural history of religion. Stanford University Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Hyman, I. E. Jr. & Neisser, U., eds. (2000) Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts. Worth. [RBG]Google Scholar
Iacoboni, M., Woods, R. P., Brass, M., Bekkering, H., Mazziotta, J. C. & Rizzolatti, G. (1999) Cortical mechanisms of imitation. Science 286:2526–28. [GA]10.1126/science.286.5449.2526CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ibn, Khaldun (1318/1958). The Muqadimah (3 vols.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. [aSA]Google Scholar
Irons, W. (1996) Morality, religion, and human nature. In: Religion and science, ed. Richardson, W. & Wildman, W.. Routledge. [aSA, CK]Google Scholar
Irons, W. (2001) Religion as a hard-to-fake sign of commitment. In: Evolution and the capacity for commitment, ed. Nesse, R., pp. 292–309. Russell Sage Foundation. [RS]Google Scholar
Irwin, L. (1994) The dream seekers: Native American visionary traditions of the great plains. University of Oklahoma Press. [KB]Google Scholar
Jacobs, M. (1934) Northwest Sahaptin texts. Columbia University Press. [aSA]10.7312/jaco92160CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, W. (1902/1997) Varieties of religious experience. Touchstone. [ABC]Google Scholar
James, W. (1958) The varieties of religious experience. Mentor. [KB]Google Scholar
Jedrej, M. C. & Shaw, R., eds. (1992) Dreaming, religion, and society in Africa. Brill. [KB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, L. A. (1998) Moral divisions within countries between orthodoxy and progressivism: India and the United States. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37:90–107. [ABC]10.2307/1388031CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, G. R. (1986) Kin selection, socialization, and patriotism: An integrating theory. Politics and the Life Sciences 4(2):127–54. [HNQ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jouvet, M. (1999) The paradox of sleep: The story of dreaming, trans. L. Garey. MIT Press. [KB]Google Scholar
Kahan, T. L. (2001) Consciousness in dreaming: A metacognitive approach. In: Dreams: A reader on the religious, cultural, and psychological dimensions of dreaming, ed. Bulkeley, K.. Palgrave. [KB]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (2003) A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist 58:697–720. [RH]10.1037/0003-066X.58.9.697CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1992) Beyond modularity. Bradford. [NN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kashima, Y. & Kostopoulos, J. (in press) Cultural dynamics of stereotyping: Interpersonal communication may inadvertently help maintaining autostereotypes too. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive. [MS]Google Scholar
Kauffman, S. (1993) The origins of order. Oxford University Press. [aSA]10.1093/oso/9780195079517.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keil, F. (1979) Semantic and conceptual development. Harvard University Press. [aSA]10.4159/harvard.9780674181816CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keillor, G. (1999) Faith at the speed of light. Time magazine, June 14. [rSA]Google Scholar
Kelemen, D. (1999) The scope of teleological thinking in preschool children. Cognition 70:241–72. Available at: http://www.bu.edu/childcognition/ [DK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelemen, D. (2003) British and American children's preferences for teleo-functional explanations of the natural world. Cognition 8:201–21. Available at: http://www.bu.edu/childcognition/ [DK]10.1016/S0010-0277(03)00024-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelemen, D. (2004) Are children “intuitive theists”?: Reasoning about purpose and design in nature. Psychological Science 15:295–301. Available at: http://www.bu.edu/childcognition/ [DK]10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00672.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelemen, D., Callanan, M., Casler, K. & Pérez-Granados, D. (2005) “Why things happen”: Teleological explanation in parent–child conversations. Developmental Psychology 41:251–64. Available at: http://www.bu.edu/childcognition/ [DK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelemen, D. & DiYanni, C. (2005) Intuitions about origins: Purpose and intelligent design in children's reasoning about nature. Journal of Cognition and Development 6:3–31. Available at: http://www.bu.edu/childcognition/ [DK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelsey, M. (1991) God, dreams, and revelation: A Christian interpretation of dreams. Augsburg. [KB]Google Scholar
Keltner, D. & Haidt, J. (2003) Approaching awe, a moral, spiritual, and aesthetic emotion. Cognition and Emotion 17:297–314. [ABC]10.1080/02699930302297CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenrick, D. T., Li, N. P. & Butner, J. (2003) Dynamical evolutionary psychology: Individual decision rules and emergent social norms. Psychological Review 110:3–28. [rSA, MS]10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ketelaar, T. (2004) A predator detection model of horror movie content. Unpublished working paper, New Mexico State University. [TK]Google Scholar
Keul, F. (1979) Semantic and conceptual development. Harvard University Press. [aSA]10.4159/harvard.9780674181816CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khansari, D., Murgo, A. & Faith, R. (1990) Effects of stress on the immune system. Immunology Today 11:170–75. [aSA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kierkegaard, S. (1843/1955) Fear and trembling and the sickness unto death. Doubleday. [aSA]Google Scholar
Kippenberg, H. G. (2002) Discovering religious history in the modern age, trans. Harshav, B.. Princeton University Press. [LHM]Google Scholar
Kirby, K. N. (1997) Bidding on the future: Evidence against normative discounting of delayed rewards. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 126:54–70. [GA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkpatrick, L. (1998) God as a substitute attachment figure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24:961–73. [aSA]10.1177/0146167298249004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkpatrick, L. (1999a) Attachment and religious representations and behavior. In: Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, ed. Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. R., pp. 803–22. Guilford Press. [LAK]Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, L. (1999b) Toward an evolutionary psychology of religion. Journal of Personality 67:921–52. [aSA, LAK]10.1111/1467-6494.00078CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkpatrick, L. (2005) Attachment, evolution, and the psychology of religion. Guilford Press. [LAK]Google Scholar
Klenow, D. J. & Bolin, R. C. (1989–1990) Belief in an afterlife: A national survey. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying 20:63–74. [ABC]10.2190/9W8F-1NDB-14MR-YYQFCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kluckholn, C. & Leighton, D. (1946/1974) The Navaho. Harvard University Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Knight, C. (1991) Blood relations: Menstruation and the origins of culture. Yale University Press. [CK]Google Scholar
Knight, C. (1998) Ritual/speech coevolution: A solution to the problem of deception. In: Approaches to the evolution of language, ed. Hurford, J. R., Studdert-Kennedy, M. & Knight, C.. Cambridge University Press. [CK]Google Scholar
Knight, C., Dunbar, R. & Power, C. (1999) An evolutionary approach to human culture. In: The evolution of culture, ed. Dunbar, R., Knight, C. & Power, C.. Edinburgh University Press. [CK]Google Scholar
Knight, C., Power, C. & Watts, I. (1995) The human symbolic revolution: A Darwinian account. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 5:75–114. [CK]10.1017/S0959774300001190CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, N., Sousa, P., Barrett, J. & Atran, S. (2004) Children's attributions of beliefs to humans and God: Cross-cultural evidence. Cognitive Science 28(1):117–126. [aSA]Google Scholar
Krebs, D. & Janicki, M. (2004) Biological foundations of moral norms. In: The psychological foundations of culture, ed. Schaller, M. & Crandall, C. S., pp. 125–48. Erlbaum. [MS]Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R. & Dawkins, R. (1984) Animal signals: Mind-reading and manipulation. In: Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach, ed. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B., pp. 380–402. Blackwell/Sinauer. [CK, NN]Google Scholar
Krymkowski, D. H. & Martin, L. H. (1998) Religion as an independent variable: Revisiting the Weberian hypothesis. Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 10:187–98. [IP]10.1163/157006898X00042CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuper, A. (1996) The chosen primate. Harvard University Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Lack, D. (1968) Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds. Methuen. [aSA]Google Scholar
Lamm, M. (2000) The Jewish way in death and mourning. Jonathan David. [ABC]Google Scholar
Latané, B. (1996) Dynamic social impact: The creation of culture by communication. Journal of Communication 46(4):13–25. [MS]10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01501.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawson, E. T. & McCauley, R. N. (1990) Rethinking religion. Cambridge University Press. [aSA, DK, LHM, HW]Google Scholar
Leach, E. (1961) Rethinking anthropology. Athlone Press. [DS]Google Scholar
Leslie, A. & Frith, U. (1987) Metarepresentation and autism. Cognition 27:291–94. [aSA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lettvin, J., Maturana, H., Pitts, W. & McCulloch, W. (1961) Two remarks on the visual system of the frog. In: Sensory communication, ed., Rosenblith, W.. MIT Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Levin, J. S. & Chatters, L. M. (1998) Research on religion and mental health: An overview of empirical findings and theoretical issues. In: Handbook of religion and mental health, ed. Koenig, H. G.. Academic Press. [IP]Google Scholar
Lévy-Bruhl, L. (1923/1966) Primitive mentality. Beacon Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Lewis, M. & Haviland-Jones, J. M. (2000) Handbook of emotions, 2nd edition, ed. Lewis, M. & Haviland-Jones, J. M., pp. 59–74. Guilford Press. [GA]Google Scholar
Lillard, A. (1998) Ethnopsychologies. Psychological Bulletin 123:3–32. [aSA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindbeck, G. A. (1984) Nature of doctrine: Religion and theology in a postliberal age. Westminster. [ABC]Google Scholar
Lipkind, W. (1940) Carajá cosmography. The Journal of American Folk-Lore 53:248–51. [aSA]Google Scholar
Liu, J. H., Karasawa, K. & Weiner, B. (1992) Inferences about the causes of positive and negative emotions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18:603–15. [ABC]Google Scholar
Lowie, R. (1924) Primitive religion. Boni and Liveright. [aSA]Google Scholar
Lumsden, C. & Wilson, E. (1981) Genes, mind and culture. Harvard University Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Lynch, A. (1996) Thought contagion. Basic Books. [aSA]Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. (1998) Separation and its discontents: Toward an evolutionary theory of Anti-Semitism. Praeger. [aSA]Google Scholar
MacIntyre, A. (1988) Whose justice? Which rationality? University of Notre Dame Press. [ABC]Google Scholar
Mackie, J. L. (1977) Ethics: Inventing right and wrong. Penguin. [MSt]Google Scholar
Mackie, J. L. (1980) Hume's moral theory. Routledge. [MSt]Google Scholar
Mageo, J. M., ed. (2003) Dreaming and the self: New perspectives on subjectivity, identity, and emotion. State University of New York Press. [KB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malinowski, B. (1922/1961) Argonauts of the western Pacific. Dutton. [aSA, EW]Google Scholar
Marcus, G. F. & Fisher, S. E. (2003) FOXP2 in focus: What can genes tell us about speech and language? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(6):257–62. [NN]10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00104-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, L. H. (1997) Akin to the gods or simply one to another. In: Vergleichen und Verstehen in der Religionswissenschaft, ed. Klimkeit, H.-J., pp. 147–59. Harrassowitz. [LHM]Google Scholar
Martin, L. H. (2001) Comparativism and sociobiological theory. Numen 48(3):290–308. [LHM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masur, E. (1983) Gestural development, dual-directional signaling, and the transition to words. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 12:93–109. [aSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCauley, R. N. (2000) The naturalness of religion and the unnaturalness of science. In: Explanation and cognition, ed. Keil, F. C. & Wilson, R. A., pp. 61–86. MIT Press. [JLB, IP]10.7551/mitpress/2930.003.0006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCauley, R. N. & Lawson, E. T. (2002) Bringing ritual to mind. Cambridge University Press. [aSA, JMB, LHM, HW]10.1017/CBO9780511606410CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McReady, N. (1999) Adrenergic blockers shortly after trauma can block PTSD. Clinical Psychiatry News, February. [aSA]Google Scholar
Medin, D. & Atran, S. (2004) The native mind: Biological categorization and reasoning in development and across cultures. Psychological Review 111:960–83. [rSA]10.1037/0033-295X.111.4.960CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meggitt, M. (1965) The desert people. University of Chicago Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Messenger, J. C. (1993) Sex and repression in an Irish folk community. In: Culture and human sexuality, ed. Suggs, D. N. & Miracle, A. W., pp. 240–61. Brooks/ Cole. [HNQ]Google Scholar
Milbank, J. (1993) Theology and social theory: Beyond secular reason. Blackwell. [ABC]Google Scholar
Miller, J. G. (1984) Culture and the development of everyday social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46:961–78. [ABC]10.1037/0022-3514.46.5.961CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, J. G. & Bersoff, D. M. (1992) Culture and moral judgment: How are conflicts between justice and interpersonal responsibilities resolved? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62:541–54. [ABC]10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.541CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, J. G. & Bersoff, D. M. (1994) Cultural influences on the moral status of reciprocity and the discounting of endogenous motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20:592–602. [ABC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, J. G., Bersoff, D. M. & Harwood, R. L. (1990) Perceptions of social responsibilities in India and in the United States: Moral imperatives or personal decisions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58:33–47. [ABC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, J. G. & Luthar, S. (1989) Issues of interpersonal responsibility and accountability: A comparison of Indians’ and Americans’ moral judgments. Social Cognition 7:237–61. [ABC]10.1521/soco.1989.7.3.237CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, P. C. (1994) Dreams in late antiquity: Studies in the imagination of a culture. Princeton University Press. [KB]10.1515/9780691215853CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mineka, S., Davidson, M., Cook, M. & Keir, R. (1984) Observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 93:355–72. [aSA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mithen, S. J. (1996) The prehistory of the mind. Thames and Hudson. [HW]Google Scholar
Moberg, D. O. (2003) Assessing and measuring spirituality: Confronting dilemmas of universal and particular evaluative criteria. Journal of Adult Development 9:47–60. [ABC]10.1023/A:1013877201375CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, M. W. & Peng, K. (1994) Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67:949–71. [ABC]10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.949CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, P. (1996) Community beyond tradition. In: Detraditionalization: Critical reflections on authority and identity, ed. Heelas, P., Lash, S. & Morris, P., pp. 222–49. Blackwell. [ABC]Google Scholar
Morris, P. (1997) Communities of assent and descent. Massah; Journey. Journal of the New Zealand Council of Christians and Jews 3:2–4. [ABC]Google Scholar
Müller, M. (1870) Introduction to the science of religion. Longmans, Green. [LHM]Google Scholar
Munkur, B. (1983) The cult of the serpent. State University of New York Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Needham, R. (1975) Polythetic classification: Convergence and consequences. Man 10:349–69. [DS]10.2307/2799807CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nesse, R. (1999) Evolution of commitment and the origins of religion. Science and Spirit 10:32–36. [aSA]Google Scholar
Nesse, R. ed. (2001) Evolution and the capacity for commitment. Russell Sage Foundation. [MSt]Google Scholar
Newport, D. J. & Nemeroff, C. (2000) Neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 10:211–18. [aSA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicastro, N. (under review) Deep in the world: Nature, nurture, and neither. Oxford University Press. [NN]Google Scholar
Nielsen, K. (1996) Naturalism without foundations. Prometheus Books. [rSA]Google Scholar
Norenzayan, A. & Atran, S. (2004) Cognitive and emotional processes in the cultural transmission of natural and nonnatural beliefs. In: The psychological foundations of culture, ed. Schaller, M. & Crandall, C., pp. 149–69. Erlbaum. [arSA]Google Scholar
Norenzayan, A., Atran, S., Faulkner, J. & Schaller, M. (2005) Memory and mystery: Cultural selection of minimally counterintuitive narratives. Unpublished manuscript, University of British Columbia. [aSA, rSA]Google Scholar
Norenzayan, A. & Hansen, I. (2005) Belief in supernatural agents in the face of death. Unpublished manuscript, University of British Columbia. [rSA]Google Scholar
Nowak, M. & Sigmund, K. (1998) Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring. Nature 395:573–77. [aSA]10.1038/31225CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Flaherty, W. D. (1984) Dreams, illusion, and other realities. University of Chicago Press. [KB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohnuki-Tierney, E. (2002) Kamikaze, cherry blossoms and nationalisms. University of Chicago Press. [rSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oman, J. C. (1973) The mystics, ascetics, and saints of India. Oriental. [HNQ]Google Scholar
Omari, M. (1994) Candomblé. In: Religion in Africa, ed. Blakely, T., van Beek, W. & Thomson, D.. Heinemann. [aSA]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1993) Emotional source of “chills” induced by music. Music Perception 13:171–207. [aSA]10.2307/40285693CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pap, A. (1963) Types and meaninglessness. Mind 69:41–54. [aSA]Google Scholar
Pargament, K. I. (1997) The psychology of religion and coping. Guilford Press. [ABC]Google Scholar
Pargament, K. I. (2002) The bitter and the sweet: An evaluation of the costs and benefits of religiousness. Psychological Inquiry 3(3):168–81. [IP]10.1207/S15327965PLI1303_02CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Tarakeshwar, N. & Hahn, J. (2001) Religious struggle as a predictor of mortality among medically ill elderly patients: A twoyear longitudinal study. Archives of Internal Medicine 161:1881–85. [ABC]10.1001/archinte.161.15.1881CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peacocke, A. (1993) Science and God the creator. Zygon/Journal of Religion and Science 28:469–84. [RBG]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1997) How the mind works. Norton. [arSA]Google Scholar
Popper, K. (1950) The open society and its enemies. Princeton University Press. [rSA]Google Scholar
Povinelli, D. (2000) Folk physics for apes. Oxford University Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Power, C. & Aiello, L. C. (1997) Female proto-symbolic strategies. In: Women in human evolution, ed. Hager, L. D.. Routledge. [CK]Google Scholar
Premack, D. & Premack, A. (1995) Origins of social competence. In: The cognitive neurosciences, ed. Gazzaniga, M.. MIT Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Premack, D. & Woodruff, G. (1978) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:515–26. [aSA]10.1017/S0140525X00076512CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, S. (1999) Religions of the ancient Greeks. Cambridge University Press. [LHM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J. & Solomon, S. (1999) A dual process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review 106:835–45. [aSA, MJL]10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.835CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S. & Greenberg, J. (2003) In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror. American Psychological Association. [MJL]10.1037/10478-000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyysiäinen, I. (2001) How religion works. Brill. [aSA, DK, LHM, HW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyysiäinen, I. (2003) Buddhism, religion, and the concept of “God.” Numen 50:147–71. [arSA]10.1163/156852703321506141CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyysiäinen, I. (2003a) True fiction: Philosophy and psychology of religious belief. Philosophical Psychology 16(1):109–25. [IP]10.1080/0951508032000067716CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyysiäinen, I. (2003b) Rituals as generators of common knowledge. In: Mental spaces and ritual traditions: Festschrift for Mihály Hoppal, ed. Bartha, E. & Anttonen, V.. (Ethnographica et Folkloristica Carpathica, nos. 12–13) Department of Ethnography, University of Debrecen. [IP]Google Scholar
Pyysiäinen, I. (2004) Intuitive and explicit in religious thought. Journal of Cognition and Culture 4(1):123–50. [IP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyysiäinen, I. & Anttonen, V., eds. (2002) Current approached in the cognitive science of religion. Continuum. [aSA]Google Scholar
Qirko, H. N. (2002) The institutional maintenance of celibacy. Current Anthropology 43(2):321–28. [HNQ]10.1086/339380CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qirko, H. N. (2004) Altruistic celibacy, kin–cue manipulation, and the development of religious institutions. Zygon 39(3):681–706. [HNQ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quammen, D. (2003) Monster of god: The man-eating predator in the jungles of history and the mind. W. W. Norton. [TK]Google Scholar
Raboteau, A. (2000) Celebrating a milestone. In: Autism Society of Alabama. National and World New Forum, 25 June 2000. Autism Society of Alabama. Available at: http://www.autism-alabama.org/ubb/Forum2/HTML/000145.html. [aSA]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (2002) Altruism and selfishness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(2):239–96. [GA, HNQ]10.1017/S0140525X02000055CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rappaport, R. (1971) The sacred in human evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2:23–44. [RS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rappaport, R. (1999) Ritual and religion in the making of humanity. Cambridge University Press. [arSA, RS]10.1017/CBO9780511814686CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson Smith, W. (1891/1972) The religion of the Semites. Schoken. [aSA]Google Scholar
Robertson Smith, W. (1894) Lectures on the religion of the Semites. A. & C. Black. [aSA]Google Scholar
Rommetveit, R. (1974) On message structure: A framework for the study of language and communication. John Wiley. [EW]Google Scholar
Rommetveit, R. (1978) On negative rationalism in scholarly studies of verbal communication and dynamic residuals in the construction of human subjectivity. In: The social contexts of method, ed. Marsh, P. & Brenner, M., pp. 16–32. Croom Helm. [EW]Google Scholar
Rosch, E., Mervis, C., Grey, W., Johnson, D. & Boyes-Braem, P. (1976) Basic objects in natural categories. Cognitive Psychology 8:382–439. [rSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rozin, P., Haidt, J. & McCauley, C. R. (1999) Disgust: The body and soul emotion. In: Handbook of cognition and emotion, ed. Dalgleish, T. & Power, M. J., pp. 429–45. Wiley. [ABC]10.1002/0470013494.ch21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, D. (1995) Memory in oral traditions. Oxford University Press. [aSA]10.1093/oso/9780195082111.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Runciman, W. G. (1999) Darwinian soup. London Review of Books 21(12). [NN]Google Scholar
Rundin, J. (1996) A politics of eating. American Journal of Philology 117(2):179–215. [LHM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruse, M. (1986) Taking Darwin seriously. Basil Blackwell. [MSt]Google Scholar
Russell, B. (1948) Human knowledge: Its scope and limits. Simon & Schuster. [rSA]Google Scholar
Sanchez-Burks, J. (2002) Protestant relational ideology and (in)attention to relational cues in work settings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83:919–29. [rSA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaller, M. & Conway, L. G. (1999) Influence of impression-management goals on the emerging contents of group stereotypes: Support for a social evolutionary process. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25:819–33. [MS]10.1177/0146167299025007005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaller, M., Conway, L. & Tanchuk, T. (2002) Selective pressures on the once and future contents of ethnic stereotypes: Effects of the communicability of traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82:861–77. [rSA]10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.861CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schelling, T. (1963) The strategy of conflict. Oxford University Press. [rSA]Google Scholar
Schlesinger, L. (1999) The Ten Commandments: The significance of God's law in everyday life. HarperCollins. [rSA]Google Scholar
Schmidt, L. & Trainor, L. (2002) Frontal brain electrical activity (EEG) distinguishes valence and intensity of musical emotions. Cognition and Emotion 15:487–500. [aSA]10.1080/02699930126048CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoenrade, P. (1989) When I die … : Belief in afterlife as a response to mortality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 15:91–100. [MJL]10.1177/0146167289151009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schutz, A. (1962) Collected papers, vol. I: The problem of social reality. Martinus Nijhoff. [EW]Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1996) The construction of social reality. Penguin. [CK]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. (1971). Phobias and preparedness. Behavior Therapy, 2, 307–20. [aSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sellars, W. (1956/1997) Empiricism and the philosophy of mind. Harvard University Press. [EW]Google Scholar
Sharp, L. & Hanks, L. M. (1978) Bang Chan. Cornell University Press. [HNQ]Google Scholar
Shipman, P. (1986) Scavenging or hunting in early hominids: Theoretical framework and tests. American Anthropologist 88:27–43. [TK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shuman, J. J. & Meador, K. G. (2003) Heal thyself: Spirituality, medicine, and the distortion of Christianity. Oxford University Press. [ABC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shweder, R. A., Much, N. C., Mahapatra, M. & Park, L. (1997) The “Big Three” of morality (autonomy, community, divinity) and the “Big Three” explanations of suffering. In: Morality and health, ed. Brandt, A. & Rozin, P., pp. 119–69. Routledge. [aSA]Google Scholar
Singer, W. (1994) Coherence as an organizing principle of cortical functions. International Review of Neurobiology 37:153–83. [RBG]10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60245-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slone, D. J. (2004) Theological incorrectness: Why religious people believe what they shouldn’t. Oxford University Press. [DK]10.1093/0195169263.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, C. A. & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985) Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48:813–38. [ABC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sober, E. & Wilson, D. S. (1998) Unto others. Harvard University Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Solms, M. (1997) The neuropsychology of dreams: A clinico-anatomical study. Erlbaum. [KB]Google Scholar
Solomon, S., Greenberg, J. & Pyszczynski, T. (1991) A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. In Zanna, M. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology Vol. 24, pp. 91–159. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. [aSA, rSA, MJL]Google Scholar
Solomon, S., Greenberg, J. & Pyszczynski, T. (2004a) The cultural animal: Twenty years of terror management theory and research. In: Handbook of experimental existential psychology, ed. Greenberg, J., Koole, S. L. & Pyszczynski, T.. Guilford Press. [MJL]Google Scholar
Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Schimel, J., Arndt, J. & Pyszczynski, T. (2004b) Human awareness of death and the evolution of culture. In: The psychological foundations of culture, ed. Schaller, M. & Crandal, C., pp. 15–40. Erlbaum. [MJL]Google Scholar
Sommers, F. (1963) Types and ontology. Philosophical Review 72:327–63. [aSA]10.2307/2183167CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sosis, R. (2000) Religion and intra-group cooperation: Preliminary results of a comparative analysis of utopian communities. Cross-Cultural Research 34:70–87. [RS]10.1177/106939710003400105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sosis, R. (2003) Why aren't we all Hutterites? Costly signaling theory and religious behavior. Human Nature 14:91–127. [RS]10.1007/s12110-003-1000-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sosis, R. & Alcorta, C. (2003) Signaling, solidarity, and the sacred: The evolution of religious behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology 12:264–74. [CK, RS]10.1002/evan.10120CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sosis, R. & Bressler, E. (2003) Cooperation and commune longevity: A test of the costly signaling theory of religion. Cross-Cultural Research 37:211–39. [RS]10.1177/1069397103037002003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sosis, R. & Ruffle, B. (2003) Religious ritual and cooperation: Testing for a relationship on Israeli religious and secular kibbutzim. Current Anthropology 44:713–22. [RS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spelke, E. (1988) The origins of physical knowledge. In: Thought without language, ed. Weizkrantz, L., pp. 168–84. Oxford University Press. [NN]Google Scholar
Spelke, E. (1992) Origins of knowledge. Psychological Review 99(4):605–32. [NN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spelke, E., Phillips, A. & Woodward, A. (1995) Infants’ knowledge of object motion and human action. In: Causal cognition, ed. Sperber, D., Premack, D. & Premack, A.. Clarendon Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Spencer, B. & Gillen, F. (1904) The Northern tribes of Central Australia. Macmillan. [aSA]Google Scholar
Sperber, D. (1975a) Pourquoi les animaux parfaits, les hybrids et les monstres sontils bons penser symboliquement?” L’Homme 15:5–24. [rSA]Google Scholar
Sperber, D. (1975b) Rethinking symbolism. Cambridge University Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Sperber, D. (1985) Anthropology and psychology: Towards an epidemiology or representations. Man 20:73–89. [aSA, DS, HW]10.2307/2802222CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sperber, D. (1990) The epidemiology of beliefs. In: The social psychological study of widespread beliefs, ed. Fraser, C. & Gaskell, G., pp. 25–44. Clarendon Press. [MS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sperber, D. (1994) The modularity of thought and the epidemiology of representations. In: Mapping the mind, ed. Hirschfeld, L. & Gelman, S.. Cambridge University Press. [arSA, DS]Google Scholar
Sperber, D. (1996) Explaining culture: A naturalistic approach. Blackwell. [arSA, LAK]Google Scholar
Sperber, D., Premack, D. & Premack, A., eds. (1995) Causal cognition. Oxford University Press. [arSA]Google Scholar
Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (1986) Relevance: Communication and cognition. Blackwell/Harvard University Press. [aSA, IP]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. F. (2000) Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23:645–65. [RH]10.1017/S0140525X00003435CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stark, R. (2000) Acts of faith. University of California Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Stephen, M. (1995) A’aisa's gifts: A study of magic and the self. University of California Press. [KB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, D. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant. New York: Basic Books. [aSA]Google Scholar
Stingl, M. (2000) All the monkeys aren't in the zoo: Evolutionary ethics and the possibility of moral knowledge. In: Moral epistemology naturalized, ed. Campbell, R. & Hunter, B.. Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary, vol. 26. [MSt]Google Scholar
Sunquist, M. E. & Sunquist, F. C. (1989) Ecological constraints on predation by large felids. In: Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution, ed. Gittleman, J. L.. Cornell University Press. [TK]Google Scholar
Swanson, G. (1960) The birth of the gods: The origin of primitive beliefs. University of Michigan Press. [RS]10.3998/mpub.6484CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swift, J. (1726/1912) Gulliver's travels. Rand McNally. [RBG]Google Scholar
Tamminen, K. (1994) Religious experiences in childhood and adolescence. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 4:61–85. [aSA]10.1207/s15327582ijpr0402_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, C. (1989) Sources of the self: The making of modern identity. Harvard University Press. [ABC]Google Scholar
Tedlock, B., ed. (1987) Dreaming: Anthropological and psychological interpretations. Cambridge University Press. [KB]Google Scholar
Thun, T. (1963) Die religiose Entscheidung der Jugend. Mouton. [aSA]Google Scholar
Tillich, P. (1951) Systematic theology, vol. 1. University of Chicago Press. [RBG]Google Scholar
Timko, P. (1990) Pray at fixed times, pray always: Patterns of monastic prayer. In: Monastic life in the Christian and Hindu traditions, ed. Creel, A. B. & Narayanan, V., pp. 97–124. Edwin Mellen. [HNQ]Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1951) The study of instinct. Oxford University Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., Kruger, A. & Ratner, H. (1993) Cultural learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16:495–511. [aSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1992) The psychological foundations of culture. In: The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., pp. 19–136. Oxford University Press. [MS]10.1093/oso/9780195060232.003.0002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trainor, L. & Trehub, S. (1992) The development of referential meaning in music. Music Perception 9:455–70. [aSA]10.2307/40285565CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treves, A. & Naughton-Treves, L. (1999) Risk and opportunity for humans coexisting with large carnivores. Journal of Human Evolution 36:275–82. [TK]10.1006/jhev.1998.0268CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tucker, M. & Ellis, R. (1998) On the relations between seen objects and components of potential actions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 24:830–46. [BRC]Google ScholarPubMed
Tuomela, R. (2000) Cooperation: A philosophical study. Kluwer. [HNQ]10.1007/978-94-015-9594-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnbull, C. (1962) The forest people. Simon and Schuster. [aSA]Google Scholar
Turner, V. (1969) The ritual process. Aldine. [aSA]Google Scholar
Tuzin, D. (1982) Ritual violence among the Ilahita Arapesh. In: Rituals of manhood, ed. Herdt, G.. University of California Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981) The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science 211:453–58. [rSA]10.1126/science.7455683CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tylor, E. (1871/1958) Primitive culture: Vol. 2. Religion in primitive culture. Harper. (Original work published 1871.) [aSA, LHM, DS]Google Scholar
Varshney, A. (2003) Nationalism, ethnic conflict and rationality. Perspectives on Politics 1:85–99. [rSA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddington, C. H. (1960) The ethical animal. George Allen and Unwin. [MSt]Google Scholar
Wakeley, A., Rivera, S. & Langer, J. (2000) Can young infants add and subtract? Child Development 71:1525–34. [NN]10.1111/1467-8624.00244CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, S. (1992) Supernatural beliefs, natural kinds and conceptual structure. Memory and Cognition. 20:655–62. [aSA]10.3758/BF03202715CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallace, A. (1889) Darwinism. Macmillan. [rSA]Google Scholar
Ward, T. B. (1994) Structured imagination: The role of category structure in exemplar generation. Cognitive Psychology 27:1–40. [BRC]10.1006/cogp.1994.1010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watanabee, J. & Smuts, B. (1999) Explaining ritual without explaining it away. American Anthropologist 101:98–112. [aSA]Google Scholar
Weaver, J. B. & Tamborini, R. (1996) Horror films: Current research on audience preferences and reactions. Erlbaum. [TK]Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1946) The Protestant sects and the spirit of capitalism. In: From Max Weber: Essays in sociology, ed. Wright Mills, C. & Gerth, H.. Oxford University Press. [arSA]Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1978) Economy and society, ed. Wittich, C. & Roth, G.. University of California Press. [rSA]Google Scholar
Werner, E. T. C. (1932/1961) A dictionary of Chinese mythology. The Julian Press. [aSA]Google Scholar
Wheeler, M., Stuss, D. & Tulving, E. (1997) Toward a theory of episodic memory. Psychological Bulletin 121:331–54. [aSA]10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.331CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehouse, H. (1992) Memorable religions. Man (N.S.) 27:777–97. [HW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehouse, H. (1995) Inside the cult. Oxford University Press. [LHM, HW]10.1093/oso/9780198279815.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehouse, H. (1996) Rites of terror. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N. S.) 2:703–715. [aSA]10.2307/3034304CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehouse, H. (2000) Arguments and icons. Oxford University Press. [arSA, JMB, LHM, HW]10.1093/oso/9780198234142.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehouse, H. (2004) Modes of religiosity. AltaMira. [LHM, HW]Google Scholar
Wiebe, D. (1999) The politics of religious studies. St. Martin's Press. [LHM]Google Scholar
Williams, G. (1966) Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton University Press. [rSA]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (2002) Darwin's cathedral. University of Chicago Press. [aSA, ABC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1978) On human nature. Harvard University Press. [aSA]Google ScholarPubMed
Wimmer, H. & Perner, J. (1983) Beliefs about beliefs. Cognition 13:103–128. [aSA]10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Worthington, E., Kurusu, T., McCullough, M. & Sandage, S. (1996) Empirical research on religion and psychotherapeutic processes of outcomes. Psychological Bulletin 19:448–87. [aSA]10.1037/0033-2909.119.3.448CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, E. L. (1992) The entity fallacy in epistemology. Philosophy 67:33–50. [EW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, E. L. (2002) Introduction: Faith and the real. Paragraph 24(2):5–22. [EW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, S. (1999) Dreaming in the lotus: Buddhist dream narrative, imagery, and practice. Wisdom Publications. [KB]Google Scholar
Zahavi, A. & Zahavi, A. (1997) The handicap principle. Oxford University Press. [CK]10.1093/oso/9780195100358.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E. & Chapman, M. (1992) Development of concern for others. Developmental Psychology 28:126–36. [GA]10.1037/0012-1649.28.1.126CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zedek, M. R. (1998) Religion and mental health from the Jewish perspective. In: Handbook of religion and mental health, ed. Koenig, H. G., pp. 255–61. Academic Press. [ABC]10.1016/B978-012417645-4/50084-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar