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Abbreviations: BCMO1, β,β-carotene 15,15′-mono-oxygenase; CRP, C-reactive protein; EDS, elevated depressive symptoms; GWAS, genome-wide association studies; HANDLS, Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span; HDL-C, HDL-cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LSCRS, low specific-carotenoid risk score; LTCRS, low total-carotenoid risk score; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NCEP ATP III, National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; Q, quartile; SCARB1, scavenger receptor class B member 1; SNPlcar, SNP for lower carotenoid status