To define the epidemiology, risk factors, and unadjusted cost of hemorrhages related to cardiothoracic operations.

We conducted two case-control studies to evaluate the risk of hemorrhage following cardiothoracic operations. The definition of hemorrhage required one of the following: reoperation for bleeding, postoperative loss of greater than 800 mL of blood over 4 hours, or surgeon-diagnosed excessive intraoperative bleeding.

The cardiothoracic surgery service of a university hospital.

Of 511 patients undergoing cardiothoracic operations, 93 (18%) met the definition of hemorrhage. In the first case-control study, 3 (14%) of 21 cases and 0 of 42 controls died (odds ratio [OR], 15.0; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.18-191.55). Compared with controls, cases received significantly more packed red blood cells intraoperatively (OR, 1.18/100 mL; CI95, 1.01-1.38), and significantly more platelets (OR, 3.26/100 mL; CI95, 1.47-7.26) and fresh frozen plasma (OR, 1.73/100 mL; CI95, 1.05-.84) in the intensive-care unit. Cases were more likely than controls to receive protamine postoperatively (OR, 3.74; CI95, 1.27-11.02). Previous sternotomy, preoperative aspirin or heparin, and preoperative laboratory values did not predict bleeding. The median unadjusted hospital cost was $3,458 higher for patients who suffered hemorrhage than for controls.

To decrease costs, hetastarch (acquisition cost $45/500 mL) was substituted for albumin (acquisition cost $76/100 mL) in the pump priming solution (estimated possible cost savings, $7,000-$53,000/year). Because hemorrhage rates increased subsequently, we conducted a second case-control study that identified patient age (P=.02) and use of greater than 5 mL/kg of hetastarch (OR, 1.82) as risk factors for hemorrhage. The cost of treating hemorrhages exceeded all estimates of possible cost savings ($7,000-$53,000 per year).

Our definition of hemorrhage identified patients who required increased volumes of blood products and who had an increased crude mortality rate and a higher unadjusted cost of hospitalization. Patient age and hetastarch use were risk factors for hemorrhage. Efforts to save money by substituting less expensive products inadvertently may increase costs by increasing the probability of perioperative adverse events.

We studied hospital costs associated with healthcare worker (HCW) respiratory protection and respirator fit-testing programs recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and mandated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to decrease nosocomial or occupational Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB).

The number and cost of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)-filter and dust-mist (DM) respirators for 1989 to 1994 were obtained from study hospital purchasing departments, and the costs of HCW fit-testing and education programs for 1994 were estimated from information provided by infection control practitioners. Costs of N-class respirator programs were estimated for study hospitals using retrospective cost analysis and an observational study.

Four urban hospitals with, and one rural community hospital without, documented nosocomial or occupational transmission of multidrug-resistant TB.

During the study period, four of five hospitals introduced HEPA and DM respirators and respirator education and fit-testing programs. Median costs in 1994 were $83,900 (range, $2,000-$223,000) for respirators and $17,187 (range, $8,736-$26,175) for respiratory fit-testing programs. The projected median annual cost of N95 respirators was $62,023 (range, $270-$422,526).

Compliance with CDC TB guidelines may require a substantial investment. However, outlays for respirators and education and fit-testing programs are more reasonable than would be suggested by analyses that estimated the costs of preventing one case of nosocomial TB

To describe the epidemiology and spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in three tertiary-care centers in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, where MRSA is encountered infrequently.

Retrospective review over a 6-year period, from January 1, 1990, through December 31, 1995.

Three tertiary-care teaching hospitals in Ottawa.

Patients and healthcare workers (HCWs) with MRSA isolated from any body site.

Patients and HCWs were identified retrospectively through hospital microbiology and infection control records. Patient charts were reviewed for clinical and epidemiological data, including age, gender, previous hospital admissions (where noted), and current and recent antibiotic use. MRSA isolates that were available were typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Methicillin resistance was confirmed by standard methods and by polymerase chain reaction using mecA-specific primers.

MRSA was identified in 53 patients and 2 HCWs. Three patients were excluded from further analysis because medical records were incomplete. Epidemiological data were collected on the remaining 52 individuals. Thirty-nine isolates from 31 patients and 2 HCWs were available for PFGE typing. Five epidemiologically linked nosocomial clusters involving 10 patients and 2 HCWs were identified and were confirmed by PFGE. MRSA isolates from a sixth cluster were not available for PFGE. In each cluster, nosocomial spread was minimized by standard infection control practices, including strict isolation of patients and screening of contacts. There was no evidence of secondary spread of MRSA involving the remaining 36 patients. Recent antibiotic use, surgery, admission to an intensive-care unit, and previous hospitalization were common among patients. There was no evidence of spread of MRSA among the three hospitals, and no endemic strains were apparent in any of these centers.

MRSA remains an infrequent isolate in our centers, with no apparent interhospital spread. In institutions with little or no endemic MRSA, rigorous application of standard infection control practices is effective in limiting nosocomial transmission of this organism.