Human rights — Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979 — Right to access the internet — Right to privacy — Right to education — Resolution 23/2 of the United Nations Human Rights Council — Resolution 26/13 of the United Nations Human Rights Council — Restrictions on the use of mobile phones — Whether the right to privacy and the right to education include a right to access the internet — Whether a restriction on mobile phone usage in a women’s hostel is unlawful — Exercise of parens patriae

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Whether international legal norms incorporated into domestic law — The law of India

State immunity — Jurisdiction — Separate entity — Scope of immunity from jurisdiction — Whether applicable to contract concluded as a commercial transaction — Waiver of immunity — Arbitration agreement — Whether submission to jurisdiction of courts of the seat of arbitration — Enforcement — Injunctions — Anti-suit injunction — The law of Singapore

Aliens — Refugees — Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1F(a) — Application for asylum — Whether complicity in crimes against humanity precluding protection under Convention — Procedure — Evidence of complicity

International criminal law — Complicity of medical personnel in torture and crimes against humanity — Requirement of detailed and individualized examination of facts — Duty of care of medical personnel — Doctor working for intelligence agency — Treatment of prisoners some of whom had been tortured — Medical treatment allegedly facilitating further torture — Degree of involvement of doctor — Knowledge of doctor — Statute of the International Criminal Court — The law of England

State immunity — State Immunity Act 1978 — Republic of Suriname — Settlement Agreement between aircraft leasing company and national flag carrier of Suriname — Separate entity under Section 14(1) of the State Immunity Act — Service on a separate entity — Whether “State” under Section 12(1) of the SIA includes a separate entity — Whether a separate entity is entitled to be served through the method prescribed in Section 12(1) of the SIA — Dynasty Co. for Oil and Gas Trading Ltd v. Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq — Sovereign authority under the State Immunity Act — Whether an act for the benefit of or under the authority of a State an exercise of sovereign authority — Kuwait Airways Corporation v. Iraqi Airways Co. — Agreement to a different manner of service under Section 12(6) of the State Immunity Act — The law of England

State immunity — Head of State — Personal immunity — Former Head of State — King of Spain retaining title after abdication — Whether entitled to personal immunity — Whether member of household of current Head of State — Functional immunity — Acts of former monarch prior to abdication — Whether official or private acts — Alleged use of agents of national intelligence agency — Whether acts of agents carried out under colour of official authority — State Immunity Act 1978 — Sections 5, 14 and 20 — The law of England

Relationship of international law and municipal law — International agreements — Customary international law — Agreement between the United Kingdom and Morocco — The law of the United Kingdom — Justiciability of decision to enter into international agreements — Dualism — Whether customary international law can be relied upon to challenge legislation — Statutory interpretation — Role of international law in interpreting statute — Role of international law in interpreting statute that mirrors an international agreement — Foreign act of State doctrine

Sources of international law — Customary international law — Jus cogens norms — Whether the right to self-determination a jus cogens norm — Principle of pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt — Whether principle applicable to Non-Self-Governing Territories

Territory — Non-Self-Governing Territory — Western Sahara — Morocco’s presence in Western Sahara — Agreement between the United Kingdom and Morocco — Whether agreement between the United Kingdom and Morocco violated international law

Treaties — Interpretation — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Article 31(1) — Interpretation — Ordinary Meaning — Article 31(3)(c) — Role of other relevant rules of international law to the interpretative exercise — Article 53 — Article 71 — Peremptory norms of international law — Impact of peremptory norms of the interpretation of a treaty — Identification of peremptory norms — Whether the right to self-determination a jus cogens norm — The law of England

State immunity — Arbitration award — Enforcement — Procedure — Investor awarded compensation by arbitration tribunal — Application to enforce award in England as though it were a judgment of the court — Whether State immune — State failing to file application within time limit set by court — The law of England

State immunity — Arbitration award — Enforcement — Charging order against properties owned by State — Whether properties in use or intended for use for commercial purposes — Residential properties rented out to tenants — Procedure — Service of documents — The law of England

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Article 1 — Members of administrative and technical staff — Article 3 — Functions of a diplomatic mission — State immunity — United Kingdom — State Immunity Act 1978 — Locally engaged staff within diplomatic mission — Relationship between the functions of a diplomatic mission and the exercise of governmental or sovereign authority — Whether Article 3 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations limits or defines the exercise of sovereign authority with respect to State immunity

State immunity — United Kingdom — State Immunity Act 1978 — Section 1 — Immunity from jurisdiction — Section 4 — Exception to immunity for certain contracts of employment — Section 16(aa) — Immunity from jurisdiction for contracts of employment between a State and individual employed as a member of a diplomatic mission — Locally engaged staff within a diplomatic mission — Locally engaged staff within the United States Mission to the United Kingdom — Claim for unfair constructive dismissal — Whether United States immune from jurisdiction for claim initiated by locally engaged staff — Whether locally engaged staff was employed within the exercise of the sovereign authority of the United States — Responsibilities within a diplomatic mission that constitute governmental or sovereign functions — The law of England

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — State Immunity Act 1978 — Section 5 — Claim for personal injury and damage to property — Whether Section 5 limited to cases where all acts or omissions completed within United Kingdom — Whether Section 5 applying to composite acts — Whether electronic device manipulated within United Kingdom by electronic device abroad an act undertaken within the United Kingdom — Psychiatric injury as personal injury — The law of England

State immunity — Enforcement — Waiver of immunity — Arbitration agreement — Whether submission to enforcement — State Immunity Act Section 13 — Whether imposing requirement that waiver required “clear words” — Arbitration agreement stating that award was agreed to be “wholly enforceable” — Whether amounting to submission to enforcement measures — Applicable law that of the State not the contract — The law of England

State immunity — Jurisdiction — Customary international law duty to accord immunity — Duty of national court to consider proprio motu — Embassy staff — Employment — Scope of immunity in respect of employment — Requirement that staff member be employed in exercise of sovereign authority — Ancillary staff — Proximity to governmental functions — Whether employment terminated for sovereign reasons — State Immunity Act 1978 — Amendment in 2023

Human rights — Right of access to court — Article 6 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 47 of European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, 2000 — Limitations — State immunity — Whether international law required immunity

Diplomatic relations — Embassy staff — Employment of staff member in ancillary role — Whether State entitled to immunity in respect of action for discrimination — The law of the United Kingdom