The FIND Integrated Biobank (FIB) network was established to address long-standing barriers in translational research, diagnostic development, and pandemic preparedness, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This article presents the FIB network as an innovative, contract-based model for equitable biobanking partnerships that support rapid, quality-assured access to clinical biospecimens for translational research and diagnostic evaluations. The FIB model offers a replicable and scalable approach to global diagnostic research and preparedness, anchored in equitable, legally binding partnerships. It advances the goals of the WHO Pandemic Agreement and provides a practical pathway for integrating LMIC institutions into global translational research ecosystems.

Historically underrepresented groups in biomedical research have continued to experience low representation despite shifting demographics. Diversity fosters inclusive, higher quality, and innovative team science. One avenue for diversifying research teams is integrating diversity-focused initiatives into Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Programs, such as the integrated Translational Health Research Institute of Virginia (iTHRIV). In 2020, iTHRIV participated in Building Up, developed by the University of Pittsburgh CTSA, and intended to increase representation and improve career support for underrepresented groups in the biomedical workforce. Drawing lessons from this study, iTHRIV implemented the “inspiring Diverse Researchers in Virginia” (iDRIV) program. This yearlong program provided education, coaching, mentoring, and sponsorship for underrepresented early career investigators in the biomedical workforce. To date, 24 participants have participated in the program across three cohorts. Participants have been predominantly female (92%), with 33% identifying as Hispanic/Latinx, 29% as Black, and 13% as Asian. Notably, 38% of scholars have subsequently achieved at least one accomplishment, such as receiving a local research honor or award and an extramural funding award from a foundation or federal agency. The iTHRIV iDRIV program serves as a model for providing career support to developing investigators from underrepresented backgrounds, with the overall goal of improving patient health.

Although team science has expanded with far-reaching benefits, universities generally have not established criteria to recognize its value in faculty promotion and tenure. This paper recommends how institutions might weigh a faculty member’s engagement in team science in the promotion and tenure process. Seventeen team science promotion and tenure criteria are recommended based on four sources – an evaluation framework, effectiveness metrics, collaborative influences, and authorship criteria. Suggestions are made for adaptation of the 17 criteria to committee guidelines, faculty team science portfolios, and the roles of individuals and institutions participating in large, cross-disciplinary research projects. Future research recommendations are advanced.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Exosomes are living nanoscale vesicles that can shuttle large amounts of bioactive cargo for intercellular communication. The potential of these nanovesicles to serve as both biomarkers for disease diagnosis and vehicles for delivery of therapeutics has only begun to be explored. To realize these potentials, molecular tools for effective exosome tracking and capturing must be invented in order to advance basic research and clinical translation. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We utilize a surface display strategy that enables exosome modification in living mammalian systems. By reconfiguring the surface protein CD63 or viral envelope glycoprotein VSV-G, we generate 3 topologically distinctive protein chimeras for exosome imaging and capture in mammalian systems. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We have shown that these genetically encoded protein chimeras have the ability to correctly target and integrate into exosomes in cultured human cells. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the secreted exosomes could be successfully captured by an affinity peptide intentionally displayed on the outer surface of exosomes. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our study highlights the potential of these fusion proteins for exosome tracking and provides novel genetic tools for exosome research and translation, one of which is loading protein therapeutics for targeted delivery.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To assess the effect of cannabis on impaired judgment and health outcomes among heart failure patients in the emergency room. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Patients with heart failure presenting to the emergency room. Cannabis with confounders such as income level, insurance type, tobacco use, and age. Discharged against medical advice to assess impaired judgment. Hospitalization rates, length of stay, and death rate to assess health outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression to access the odds of each of these outcomes from cannabis RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Cannabis is associated with impaired outcome (increase in discharge against medical advice). Cannabis have poorer health outcome in terms of more hospitalizations from the emergency department. Cannabis also have better health outcome in terms of shorter length of stay and death rate among cannabis users Versus nonusers. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This is crucial to inform health care providers to ensure better counseling of cannabis users. This result should also be considered to interpret other publications that shows better outcomes in patients taking cannabis. Cannabis users might only seem to have a better outcome because they tend to discharge against medical advice and thereby die outside the hospital, etc.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The grant writing process provides investigators with critical thinking, problem solving, and communication skills, crucial for personal and professional development. However, opportunities for junior faculty to learn these skills are highly variable. Thus, we developed a grant writing program to assist in the preparation of an NIH R proposal. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The R Club Grant Program was implemented in 2021 for junior faculty of the University of Cincinnati’s College of Medicine and Center for Clinical & Translational Science & Training (CCTST). The program consists of a series of workshops (e.g., How to Craft a Specific Aims Page, How to Construct a Competitive R01 Proposal) utilizing examples of successful proposals and grant review criteria to demonstrate how to translate a conceptual framework into a research proposal (level 1). All participants can receive constructive feedback on a Specific Aims page from an experienced grant writer (level 2), and for a select cohort, the program provides comprehensive scientific content edits and iterative feedback on a full research proposal, with a focus on grantsmanship, presentation, and overall competitiveness (level 3). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Over three NIH grant cycles, the program to date has provided 38 early-career investigators with multi-level grant writing support. All participants attended the workshops and received supporting documents, 21 received feedback on a Specific Aims page, and 6 received one-on-one writing assistance on their full research proposal. Of the 6 investigators who received the greatest level of support, 3 have received NIH scientific review, with a 66.6% funding success rate for either an original (R01, n=1) or subsequent overlapping (R35, n=1) proposal. In a survey sent to workshop attendees, 100% of respondents (n=23) reported ( Strongly Agreed or Agreed ) that the training was a worthwhile investment in their professional development and 96% stated that they will be able to apply the knowledge and skills learned. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Initial evaluation measures suggest that grant writing support programs have great potential to enhance funding success rates. As the program evolves it will be crucial to evaluate both qualitative and quantitative feedback measures to ensure efforts are directed to the appropriate level(s) of service to maximize the funding success of our faculty.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Antibiotic stewardship guidelines should consider the barriers clinicians in low- and middle-income countries face due to limited biomarkers for determining the etiologic pathogen for viral infections like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) that have a similar presentation to bacterial infections. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We aimed to evaluate antibiotic administration practices in children who were hospitalized at a government-run hospital in Amman, Jordan, where point-of-care testing is limited. We hypothesized those with RSV are more likely to be administered antibiotics during their hospitalization than children without RSV. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a cross-sectional cohort study in Jordanian children hospitalized with history of acute respiratory symptoms and/or fever from 2010 to 2013. Admitting diagnoses were dichotomized into suspected viral- (e.g., bronchiolitis) and bacterial-like infection (e.g., sepsis, pneumonia). Stratifying by sex, we performed a polytomous logistic regression adjusting for age, underlying medical condition, maternal education, and region of residence to estimate prevalence odds ratios (PORs) and 95% confidence intervals for macrolides, broad-, and narrow-spectrum antibiotics during hospitalization. Sensitivity and specificity of admission diagnoses and laboratory results were compared. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Children with a suspected viral-like admission diagnosis, compared to those with suspected bacterial-like, were 89% less likely to be administered a narrow-spectrum antibiotic (POR: 0.11; p<0.001). There were slight differences by sex with males having a lower prevalence than females of narrow-spectrum or broad-spectrum antibiotic administration; but they had a higher prevalence of macrolide administration. Overall, children with RSV had a 30% probability (sensitivity) of being assigned to a suspected viral infection; whereas RSV-negative children had an 85% probability (specificity) of being assigned to a suspected bacterial infection. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Children with a suspected viral-like infection were less likely to receive an antibiotic; however, when evaluating the accuracy of admission diagnosis to RSV-laboratory results there were considerable misclassifications. These results highlight the need for developing antibiotic interventions for Jordan and the rest of the Middle East.

Objectives/Goals: To assess the effect on the immune response to COVID-19 in children exposed to pesticides. The hypothesis is that increased pesticide exposure results in different immunological response to COVID-19. The goal of the proposal is to improve scientific knowledge on factors affecting COVID-19 and identify a modifiable factor to reduce these disparities. Methods/Study Population: A cross-sectional analysis of children (aged 5–17 years) with asthma to assess pesticide exposure and immune markers of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination was determined with blood exposome RNA analyses assessed from blood samples taken at baseline. Immunological response was measured using neutralizing, phagocytizing, and NK-activating antibody responses biomarkers using plasma antibody isotyping, effector functions, T-cell activation-induced marker (AIM), and recall cytokine secretion assays on lysed, whole blood. Pesticide exposure was assessed as concentration of four urinary metabolites in a spot urine sample adjusted for creatinine. Unadjusted regression models were created to assess the effect of 3-phenoxy benzoic acid, a common pyrethroid pesticide, on immune markers. Results/Anticipated Results: Children’s (N = 30) average age was 10 years (interquartile range: 8–11) A majority of children were male (63%) and Non-Hispanic Black (73%). The majority of children had markers of SARS-CoV-2 infection (77%). Of the 4 pesticide metabolites assessed, only 3-PBA was commonly found (77% of samples > LOQ). Higher urinary concentrations of 3-PBA are associated with a significant (p Discussion/Significance of Impact: Significant associations in cytokine and inflammatory marker may indicate a Th2-skewed response, and dysregulated cytokine responses can lead to severe disease. A suggested increase in T-cell activation markers (e.g., CD4, CD8) may indicate potential exhaustion if excessively activated.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: While the evolving treatment paradigm for Glioblastoma (GBM) leverages different modalities to improve outcomes, treatment access might be limited by cost and disparities. This study explores the influence of race and social determinants of health (SDoH) on healthcare access and outcomes of GBM patients in a large metropolitan area over a decade. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Our institution’s tumor registry (2009-2019) was queried to identify our GBM cohort. Data were supplemented by electronic health records to include demographics, outcome, NCI Comorbidity Index, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) socioeconomic status (SES) index. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 559 GBM records, 361 unique patients met the inclusion criteria, and 43% were Non-White. Non-White patients predominantly comprised the lowest AHRQ SES index quartile and had longer hospital stays (LOS; p<0.001). White patients accounted for 61% of privately insured patients (p<0.001). Private insurance (p= 0.02) and age < 65 years (p= 0.039) were associated with a higher rate of home discharge. Patients diagnosed with GBM in the emergency department were more likely to be discharged to acute rehab than home (p<0.001). At 2 years, privately insured patients had longer OS (HR= 1.46; p= 0.04). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: In contrast to previous studies, the study demonstrates that GBM affected a higher proportion of Non-White patients. Our data show that SDoH influences multiple outcomes in GBM patients. Efforts to identify and correct these barriers are needed to improve the care of all GBM patients.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The overarching objective is to assess the value of promoting team science practices across a diverse clinical translational science community through the development of learning modules. We aim to share lessons learned to help inform best practices for CTSA hubs interested in promoting team science. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We recently created a series of self-paced learning modules focused on the science of team science, which include a variety of text and multimedia content. A preliminary assessment was conducted to determine the perceived value of six video team science Learning Shots and to identify areas for improvement. Significant content revisions are underway based on respondent feedback. In early 2022, a follow up survey will solicit feedback from a larger sample of researchers to reassess the learning modules and to ensure that desired improvements were achieved. We will incorporate continuous improvement cycles to gather future feedback, track improvements, and identify potential future direction for new content. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The preliminary assessment identified the most effective aspects of the modules to be the variety and knowledge of speakers, diversity of topics, organization of the content, and appropriateness of length. Least effective aspects included a desire for more information in some content areas and not enough focus on the challenges of team science for junior faculty. Suggested areas for improvement include a desire for supplemental descriptive text, links to tools that enable teams to be productive, and additional examples from researchers. The follow up study is expected to yield more detailed information on the impacts of the improvements and the overall effectiveness of the modules. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This project provides insights for CTSA Hubs interested in promoting team science and best practices when developing learning modules. Results contribute to what is known about researchers interest in learning about team science and the effectiveness of using online formats for delivery.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The modified Atkins diet (MAD) is used in the management of drug-resistant epilepsy in adults. Some patients on MAD show an increase in serum levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. We explored whether dietary fat composition predicts short-term elevations in serum lipid levels in diet-naïve adults who begin MAD. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Participants self-reported their diet intake with 3-day food records at baseline, 1 month and 2 months. Food records were analyzed using Nutrition Data System for Research software. Fasting serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides were also collected and LDL level calculated at baseline, 1 month, and 2 months. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 38 patients submitted complete food records at each study visit (baseline, 1 month, and 2 month). Compared to baseline diet intake, there was a significant reduction in daily carbohydrate intake at 1 and 2 months months (p<0.001). There was also a significant increase in daily saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake at 1 and 2 months (p<0.001), daily mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intake at 1 and 2 months (p<0.001), and daily cholesterol intake at 1 month (p<0.05) and 2 months (p<0.001), but no change in daily poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake over time. Compared to baseline, there was a significant increase in serum LDL at 1 month (p<0.001) and 2 months (p<0.01) and an increase in serum TC at 1 month (p<0.01) but not 2 months. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT : Despite a significant increase in total fat, saturated fat and mono-unsaturated fat intake as well as an increase in total cholesterol and LDL levels following MAD initiation, dietary fat composition appears to minimally predict serum lipid values in the short term. CONFLICT OF INTEREST DESCRIPTION: Tanya McDonald has received speaking honoraria from Nutricia North America. Bobbie Henry-Barron receives grants from Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR) which is funded in part by Grant Number UL1 TR 001079 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research, Nutricia and Vitaflo. Diane Vizthum receives grants from the Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR) which is funded in part by Grant Number UL1 TR 001079 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. Mackenzie C. Cervenka has received grant support from Nutricia North America, Vitaflo, Army Research Laboratory, The William and Ella Owens Medical Research Foundation and BrightFocus Foundation. She receives speaking honoraria from LivaNova, Epigenix, Nutricia North America and the Glut1 Deficiency Foundation and performs consulting with Nutricia North America and Sage Therapeutics and receives Royalties from Demos Health.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Depression is one of the leading causes of diseases and disability among women of all ages in the United States. Lack of resources to meet one’s daily needs, access to health care, job opportunities, and drug use significantly contribute to depression among women. This paper aimed to explore the determinants of depression among women from a large community-based sample. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: HealthStreet is a community engagement research initiative at the University of Florida that utilizes the community health worker (CHW) model to assess health concerns and conditions of community members and link them to available social and medical services and health research. From October 2011 through December 2016, CHWs assessed 8469 community members from various locations in the community such as grocery stores, bus stops, health fairs, laundromats, and others. Among these 8469 participants contacted and assessed by the CHWs, 4952 (58.5%) were women. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the total 8469 participants, 4952 were women and 1839 (37.1%) reported ever having depression. Mean age of women who reported depression was 44.1 years (SD±14.4). Women who were current users of 3 or more drugs were 10 times more likely (95% CI: 5.73, 18.40; OR 10.27) to report depression compared with those who did not currently use any drugs. Those who were food insecure in the past 12 months (95% CI: 1.970, 2.576; OR 2.253) were twice more likely to report depression, while never married (95% CI: 0.576, 0.771; OR 0.666), and currently unemployed (95% CI: 0.535, 0.715; OR 0.619) women were less likely to report depression. Chronic health conditions such as hypertension (41.6% vs. 33.7%), diabetes (14% vs. 10.5%), and cancer (12.1% vs. 8.3%), and comorbid psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety (54.2% vs. 10.8%) and bipolar disorder (23.8% vs. 2.8%) were significantly higher (p<0.001) among women with depression compared with their counterparts. Significantly more women without a history of depression had medical insurance (68.8% vs. 64.3%) as compared with women with depression. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Depression was associated with food insecurity and drug use. The impact of drug use continues to be a major mental health concern among community-based women. Further, these findings emphasize the importance of community engagement programs such as HealthStreet, which utilizes the CHWs’ model to link community members to social and medical services within the community, in improving the mental health of women.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: It is hypothesized that the global secular trend toward earlier puberty onset, with implications for many future health outcomes, is related to the obesity epidemic. This study aims to examine prospective associations between weight during specific developmental windows and timing of puberty onset. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study includes 1,296 mother-infant dyads from the Boston Birth Cohort, a predominantly minority (>80% black/Hispanic), low-income, and urban prospective birth cohort recruited and followed between 1998 and 2019. Age at peak height velocity (APHV), a well-defined and standardized proxy for puberty onset, is derived by fitting height measurements recorded during clinical visits using a mixed effects growth curve model. Multiple linear regression is performed to examine the relationships between early childhood (ages 2-5y) and prepubertal (ages 6-9y) overweight and obesity, weight trajectories between these two periods, and APHV, while controlling for known contributors to early puberty. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Compared to counterparts with normal BMIs, kids who were obese during ages 2-5y (boys: −0.21y, CI[−0.39, −0.04]; girls: −0.22y, CI[−0.39, −0.05]) or ages 6-9y (boys: −0.27y, CI[−0.43, −0.11]; girls: −0.37y, CI[−0.52, −0.23]) had an earlier APHV. Being overweight during ages 6-9y was also associated an earlier APHV (boys: −0.26y, CI[−0.46, −0.07]; girls: −0.26y, CI[−0.42, −0.10]). Looking at weight trajectories, kids who were persistently overweight or obese from ages 2-5y to ages 6-9y had an earlier APHV (boys: −0.28y, CI[−0.45, −0.12]; girls: −0.31y, CI[−0.46, −0.16]), as did girls with normal BMIs during ages 2-5y and who were overweight or obese during ages 6-9y (−0.45y CI[−0.64, −0.26]). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The temporal and dose-response relationships seen in this historically understudied population suggests that childhood obesity is etiologically important in the development, and even programming, of early puberty. This has implications for prediction, prevention, and mitigation of health disparities.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Many older sepsis survivors develop chronic critical illness (CCI) with poor outcomes. Sepsis is caused by a dysregulated immune response and biomarkers reflecting PICS. The purpose was to compare serial PICS biomarkers in a) older (versus young) adults and b) older CCI (versus older RAP) patients to gain insight into underlying pathobiology of CCI. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Prospective longitudinal study with young (≤ 45 years) and older (≥ 65 years) septic adults who were characterized by a) baseline predisposition, b) hospital outcomes, c) serial SOFA organ dysfunction scores over 14 days, d) Zubrod Performance status at three, six and 12-month follow-up and e) mortality over 12 months. Serial blood samples over 14 days were analyzed for selected biomarkers reflecting PICS. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Compared to the young, more older adults developed CCI (20% vs 42%) and had markedly worse serial SOFA scores, performance status and mortality over 12 months. Additionally, older (versus young) and older CCI (versus older RAP) patients had more persistent aberrations in biomarkers reflecting inflammation, immunosuppression, stress metabolism, lack of anabolism and anti-angiogenesis over 14 days after sepsis. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Older (versus young) and older CCI (versus older RAP) patient subgroups demonstrate early biomarker evidence of the underlying pathobiology of PICS. The population of older sepsis survivors is need of interventions to lower systemic inflammation and stimulate anabolism to prevent skeletal muscle wasting and disability.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Racial and ethnic minority populations have been historically underrepresented in clinical trials, which limits the external validity of study findings. We analyze data from the ACTIV-6 trial to assess whether inclusion efforts were effective in increasing participation from minority groups. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: ACTIV-6 is a decentralized randomized placebo-controlled platform trial investigating repurposed drugs for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19. Study participants could either self-refer online or be recruited through a study site. Two inclusion efforts were introduced to increase participation from racial or ethnic minority populations: targeted advertising and outreach, and strategic selection of study sites that serve diverse populations. We assessed the effectiveness of these interventions by analyzing enrollment trends over time. We also assessed whether participants from racial or ethnic minority populations experienced higher loss to follow-up. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: At the start of the trial, enrollment of non-Hispanic White participants outpaced enrollment from racial or ethnic minority populations. At 4 months, only 108 participants (20.5%) were from racial or ethnic minority populations, but greatly increased by 28 months to 3,544 participants (46.4%), nearly half of all participants. This increase was predominantly due to recruitment through study sites rather than self-referral. In particular, certain sites recruited large numbers of minority participants. We also observed that participants from racial or ethnic minority populations were more likely to drop out of the study before receiving the study drug (3% vs 1%). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that strategic site selection is an effective strategy for recruiting a study population that represents racial and ethnic populations. The benefits of targeted advertising and outreach were less clear. Retention efforts remain important to reduce loss to follow-up.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To conceptualize, implement and evaluate a three-pronged social media plan with goals to: 1) disseminate information about the Southern California CTSI and its activities on multiple platforms; 2) educate the public about clinical research participation; 3) use storytelling methods to spread awareness about research careers. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We will start by creating a logic model to identify activities, outputs, short, medium and long-term outcomes of this social media innovation project, using CTSI and community stakeholder input (focus groups). This model will guide the creation of a comprehensive strategic social media plan that includes an editorial calendar for each platform, storyboarding and an operationalized narrative strategy, as well as KPIs relating to areas like reach, engagement, conversion, and sentiment. Collecting/analyzing these metrics will yield information about how the public feels about clinical research and will assist us in refining our content strategy. After completing formative research, we will create accounts on Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn and Meta to complement our existing Twitter presence. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We hope to identify which types of content lead to greater engagement and more positive sentiment on each platform, which will help us iteratively refine our content strategy. Examples of content type can include: imparting research-related information, debunking myths, providing career information, etc. Through this process we will also gain knowledge about what methods are more appealing to our users, such as narrative storytelling. Visually, we anticipate learning about what types of multimedia content works best as a mechanism to disseminate information about clinical research (e.g. video, photo, audio, or a combination). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: In a post-pandemic world of dis- and misinformation, it is more important than ever to disseminate trusted, vetted information about clinical research in novel and engaging ways. Through this initiative we will gather information, metrics and key lessons learned to present back to CTSA hubs to inform their short and long-term social media strategies.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Computed tomography (CT) enables3-dimensional (3D) visualization of cortical bone structures with high spatialresolution, and thus has been the gold-standard method for evaluation anddiagnosis of craniofacial skeletal pathologies. However, ionizing radiation and,in particular, repeated scanning for presurgery and postsurgery assessments, isof concern when applied to infants and young children. Recent advances insolid-state MRI allow the capture of the short-T2 signals in cortical bone whilesuppressing the signal from soft-tissue protons having T2 relaxation time1–2 orders of magnitude longer (50–100 ms). One approach,a dual-radiofrequency (RF) pulse and ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging basedmethod, exploits different sensitivities of bone and soft tissue to different RFpulse widths and TEs. This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility ofproducing 3D renderings of the human skull and visualization of cranial suturesusing the bone-selective MRI technique in comparison to CT.METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Imaging technique: Two RF pulses differingin duration and amplitude are alternately applied in successive repetition time(TR) along the pulse train. Within each TR, 2 echoes are acquired. Acquisitionof the first echo starts at the ramp-up of the encoding gradient (TE1), allowingfor capture of signals with very short lifetimes (bone), while that of thesecond starts after a longer delay (TE2). In total, 4 echoes are obtained:ECHO11 (RF1TE1), ECHO12 (RF1TE2), ECHO21 (RF2TE1), and ECHO22 (RF2TE2). Duringreconstruction, ECHO11 is combined with ECHO21 and ECHO12 is combined withECHO22, resulting in 2 images. The subtraction of these 2 images yields anenhanced bone contrast. Data acquisition/processing: The pulsesequence described above was applied for MR imaging of a human cadaveric skulland 2 adult human subjects in vivo, at 3T field strength (Siemens Prisma,Erlangen, Germany). Imaging parameters:TR/TE1/TE2=7/0.06/2.46ms, RF1/RF2 durations=40/520 μs,flip angle=12°, matrix size=2563, field ofview=2803 mm3, voxel size=1.1 mm isotropic,number of radial spokes=25,000, and scan time=6 minutes.Segmentation of bone voxels was performed using ITK-SNAP in a semi-automaticfashion, leading to 3D renderings of the skull. For comparison, a CT scan wasalso performed in the human cadaveric skull with 1 mm isotropic resolution.Validation: The biometric accuracy was assessed by measuring eight anatomicdistances: (1) Maximum craniocaudal aperture of the right orbit. (2) Maximumcraniocaudal aperture of the left orbit. (3) Maximum height of the mandible fromchin point in the midline. (4) Maximum cranial length (5) Maximum cranial width.(6) Maximum height of piriform aperture. (7) Distance between lateral mostaspect of mandibular condyles. (8) Distance between lateral most aspect ofposterior hard palate in both CT- and MRI-based 3D renderings of the humancadaveric skull using Mimics software (Materialise®,Ghent, Belgium). These distances were compared with those directly measured onthe cadaveric skull. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Compares CT withthe proposed MRI method on cadaveric human skull images, along withcorresponding 3D renderings. Compared with CT, the 3D rendered images maintainmost features over the entire head (e.g., zygomatic arch), except for appearanceof some artifacts in the mandibular region. In vivo head images in 2 adultsubjects: axial magnitude images and 3D rendering. In the axial images, bonevoxels as well as the inner table of the cranium are clearly visualized, andcranial and spinal bone structures are well depicted in the 3D renderings. Somevoxels were erroneously included or excluded in the renderings. The meandifference in measurements of the 8 anatomic distances was 6, 4, and 2 mm whencomparing MRI Versus CT, MRI Versus in situ, and CT Versus in situ,respectively. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Bone protonmagnetization exhibits a substantial level of signal decay during the relativelylong duration of RF2 due to its very short T2 relaxation time. In contrast,soft-tissue retains nearly the same level of signal intensities over all echoes.Thus, subtraction of ECHO22 from ECHO11, when compared with the differencebetween ECHO11 and ECHO12, enhances bone contrast from soft tissue. Theproposed, dual-RF dual-echo 3D UTE imaging technique produces isotropichigh-resolution bone-specified images in the whole head within a clinicallyfeasible imaging time (6 min), leading to clear visualization of craniofacialskeletal structures. These are key components necessary for translation to theclinical setting. Optimization of postprocessing for more realistic 3Drenderings and thus accurate anatomic measurements is currently beingimplemented. The proposed method’s potential as a nonradiativealternative to CT will then be thoroughly evaluated in pediatric patients.