To describe the development, delivery, and outcome of an action-oriented intervention comprising an awareness-raising educational video and workshop designed to support general practice teams to identify and plan decarbonization actions, delivered from May-September 2024.

Healthcare services internationally are committing to net zero targets. General practice is recognized as having a pivotal role in achieving these ambitions. However, limited awareness of decarbonization initiatives and insufficient support for implementation highlight the need for an educational resource to facilitate action planning.

Principles of organizational change, video-design, and barriers to decarbonization informed the intervention’s development. The video included modules featuring resource materials and ideas to support the development and implementation of decarbonization actions in general practice. Prompts for a facilitated workshop discussion were developed to support action planning. The intervention was delivered to 64 multidisciplinary staff across 12 general practices in England. A conceptual content analysis was conducted on completed practice green action plans (GAPs) and data from an online participant feedback form were analysed using descriptive statistics to assess perceptions of the intervention. Free-text comments were thematically analysed.

Across the 12 GAPs, each practice planned between three and eight decarbonization actions. ‘Managing waste’ was the most frequently addressed area, appearing in 10 practice GAPs, and most planned actions mapped onto those presented within the video. Thirty (46.9%) participants completed the evaluation survey. The intervention was well received, with 28 (93.3%) survey respondents rating the overall usefulness of the video as 4 or 5 (1 ‘not at all useful’ to 5 ‘very useful’). Free-text comments for suggested improvements related to time for consolidating learning, and concerns about the video’s audio quality and duration.

The educational workshop successfully facilitated the development of structured GAPs with explicit timescales and intended outcomes. This study did not assess the implementation of planned actions.

Mass casualty incidents (MCI) are a challenge for prehospital response. The global response may include primary health care teams (PHCT), even more in remote and rural areas. As training in MCI response is complex, it is essential to simplify it when focused in PHCT as it is a low frequency phenomenon in their context. Our objective is to measure self-perception and the impact of a brief training experience using a mass casualty incident tabletop game with primary care doctors and nurses.

Descriptive study of the impact of a training intervention on 27 primary care physicians and nurses in the Principality of Asturias. A 2-h training experience was carried out using a tabletop game. Self-perception was measured using a Likert’s scale on methodology, knowledge and skills, as well as a multiple-choice knowledge test after two months. Strengths and weaknesses of the methodology were also identified using open-ended questions, as well as attitudes towards incidents with mass casualty incidents.

85% of participants improved their level of knowledge without providing them study material. Self-perception measured 27 items in 3 dimensions: methodology (Median = 9; interquartile range (IQR) = 2), knowledge (Median = 10; IQR = 1), and skills (Median = 9; IQR = 1). All items except one had a median greater than or equal to 9.

Gamification using the MassCas tabletop game for mass casualty incidents is perceived by primary care doctors and nurses as a useful tool in their training for mass casualty incidents, as well as for acquiring specific knowledge and skills in this area.

Conducting health systems assessments helps highlight weaknesses and strengths to be explored to improve care delivery. The Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (ACIC) considers the perspective of professionals who work in the care-providing institution. Its structure comprises seven dimensions that provide specific data about the care offered. Objectives: (1) evaluate the institutional capacity for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) management in the interior of the State of Amazonas from the perspective of health professionals; (2) verify the association between socio-educational, work and geographic location variables with the dimensions of the ACIC.

A cross-sectional study carried out between October 2020 and December 2022 in 36 Primary Health Units (PHUs) of the seven cities of the Amazonas, totaling 230 participants. Excel 2019 and R (4.2.1) were used for data analysis. The association between independent variables and ACIC dimensions was analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis.

The PHUs in the rural Amazonas have the basic capacity to care for patients with T2DM. Analysis of each dimension of the ACIC demonstrated that geographic location was the most relevant factor, showing an association with all instrument dimensions.

Socioeducational variables showed an association with the dimensions of Decision Support, Design of the Service Delivery System, Clinical Information System, and Integration of components of the Care Model for Chronic Conditions. Work-related variables, on the other hand, were associated with the dimensions of Organization of Health Care, Community Resources, Support for Self-Management and Integration of the components of the Chronic Conditions Care Model.

The aim of this study was to describe nurses’ experiences of competence development in home care.

Home care services are increasingly used to support clients’ coping at home. As the number of clients with multiple diseases is growing, continuous competence development is needed.

Qualitative cross-sectional study. Four registered nurses (RNs) and seven licenced practical nurses (LPNs) from one well-being services county in Finland participated in interviews. The data were analysed with thematic analysis.

Three themes were found in the analysis: having adequate competence to work as a nurse in home care, being a competent and developing licenced practical nurse, and being an improving and developing registered nurse. Competence development requires continuous training. Nurses need various practises to update their knowledge and skills. Managers have an important role in supporting, organizing, and timing competence development opportunities.

To describe the perception of primary care (PC) among medical students from two universities in Peru.

A cross-sectional study was conducted among third- to seventh-year medical students from two universities in Lima, Peru. A questionnaire was applied to evaluate perceptions of PC. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to assess factors associated with a favorable perception.

Data from 418 medical students were analyzed (women: 60.8%, mean age: 23.4 years). Only 2.2% expected to work in PC after graduation. Regarding perceptions of PC, 82% agreed or strongly agreed that PC is a preparatory step toward medical residency, 55% felt cases were less interesting, and 44% believed the income was lower compared to hospital work. Being enrolled at Universidad Peruana Unión (aPR: 3.35, 95% CI: 1.85–6.05) and having completed an external rotation in PC (aPR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.03–1.80) were associated with a favorable perception.

Among the assessed students, most viewed PC as a step toward residency, and nearly half considered cases less interesting and income lower compared to hospital work. A favorable perception was associated with university affiliation and having completed external rotations in PC during training.

Life satisfaction, a core component of subjective well-being, has not been comprehensively explored among urban slum populations. This study aimed to psychometrically assess the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and examine socio-demographic correlates of life satisfaction among adults in Gorakhpur, India.

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 406 participants (52.5% male, 47.5% female) selected through multistage random sampling across eight urban slums in Gorakhpur. Eligible individuals were aged 18 years or above and residents of the selected slum areas. Data were collected using a pre-validated version of the SWLS and a structured socio-demographic questionnaire, administered via the EpiCollect5 through face-to-face interviews. Descriptive and comparative analyses were used to assess group differences across socio-demographic variables.

The SWLS showed good internal consistency (α = 0.842) and satisfactory inter-item correlations (r = 0.375–0.654, p < 0.01). Males reported significantly higher life satisfaction than females, particularly among married and cohabiting individuals (27.30 vs. 23.75, p = 0.001) and non-vegetarian consumers (27.28 vs. 24.25, p < 0.001). Participants from joint families showed higher satisfaction than those in nuclear households (26.79 vs. 20.29, p = 0.011). Women aged 56-65 had the lowest satisfaction scores (14.50 ± 0.71), with half reporting neutrality or dissatisfaction.

The findings highlight the importance of gender, family structure and dietary habits as key socio-cultural correlates of life satisfaction in urban slum communities. The presence of moderate satisfaction levels despite material hardship highlights the need for context-sensitive well-being frameworks and community-informed interventions in similar low-resource settings.

Our objective was to describe the self-management intervention (SMI) programmes carried out in primary care practices (PCPs) in France between 2010 and 2022.

SMIs are included in the recommendations for chronic disease management, but access remains inequal. Primary care has been identified as a favourable setting for their development.

In partnership with the French Ministry of Health Office of Non-Communicable Diseases, we contacted all Regional Health Agencies (n = 18) to collect the following information from the self-management programme forms: year of authorization/declaration, SMI type, administrative structure, self-management and coordination team, and programme content.

At the 13 participating Regional Health Agencies, we identified 4,922 SMI programmes among which 18% (n = 889) were developed in primary care settings and 5.5% (n = 271) in PCPs. Among the 127 forms on SMI programmes at PCPs (2.6%), multi-professional PCPs (57.5%, n = 73) and healthcare centres (25.9%, n = 33) were the most represented. All programmes had a coordinator (mostly general practitioners, 34.7%, n = 24) among whom 69.7% (n = 69) were trained in coordination. The self-management team included a mean of 8.1 (5.5) primary care providers. The main themes were diabetes (34.6%, n = 44), diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (15.6%, n = 20), and cardiovascular disease (10.2%, n = 13). In France, self-management programmes in PCPs are still rare, lack a multimorbidity approach, and are carried out mainly in PCPs with inter-professional collaboration. A qualitative study to identify the barriers and levers to SMI programmes in PCPs may be particularly relevant.

This paper aims to describe what constitutes good-quality, accessible, affordable and acceptable primary care for migrants. This includes identifying system adaptations and offering evidence- and practice-based recommendations and guidance for primary care organizations and professionals on how to deliver such care.

Migration has significantly diversified European populations. Migrants often face structural, linguistic, cultural, and systemic barriers in accessing appropriate primary care. While these challenges are well-documented, implementation of effective, inclusive care remains inconsistent across countries.

This position paper presents a narrative synthesis of existing literature, expert opinions, and recent policy developments. It draws on evidence from healthcare research, policy analyses, and recommendations developed by the European Forum for Primary Care working group on migrants, primarily covering developments from the past decade.

High-quality primary care for migrants requires coordinated action across care delivery, capacity building, and system-level structures. Care delivery must be person-centred and comprehensive, supported by interprofessional collaboration and professional interpretation. Capacity building depends on training and education that embed diversity-sensitive care, cultural humility, and structural competency. At the system level, policies should guarantee equitable access, continuity of care, and inclusive quality monitoring, while fostering intersectoral partnerships and community engagement.

Embedding person-centred, diversity-sensitive, and community-oriented principles into primary care systems is essential for achieving equitable healthcare for migrant populations. This is an urgent plea to healthcare policymakers, organizations, and professionals to undertake action to realise these reforms as they not only improve care for migrants but contribute to stronger, sustainable and more resilient health systems overall.

To examine whether the association between child marriage and maternal healthcare utilization differs between conflict and non-conflict settings, and whether armed conflict amplifies the negative effects of child marriage on maternal healthcare utilization.

Armed conflicts hinder progress in reproductive and maternal health, particularly in low- and lower-middle-income countries, by weakening health systems, disrupting access to care, and increasing gender-based vulnerabilities. Child marriage, which is common in such contexts, may further limit women’s ability to seek adequate maternal healthcare. While both conflict exposure and child marriage are known to adversely affect maternal health outcomes, evidence on their intersection remains limited. Understanding their combined influence is essential for designing effective primary healthcare and humanitarian interventions.

We used data from 82 Demographic and Health Surveys (1994–2020) across 49 countries, linked spatially and temporally with armed conflict information from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program. The sample included 452,192 women aged 15–49. Maternal healthcare utilization was measured using continuum-of-care indicators: at least one antenatal care (ANC) visit, four or more ANC visits, four or more ANC visits with institutional delivery, and four or more ANC visits with institutional delivery and postnatal care (PNC). Associations were estimated using binomial logistic regression models, with robustness checks including interaction effects, macro-level analyses, and mediation analyses.

Women married before age 18 had significantly lower odds of utilizing maternal healthcare compared to those married at 18 or older. These disparities were strongest in conflict-affected areas, where child brides consistently showed the lowest utilization of ANC, institutional delivery, and PNC. Maternal education, household wealth, urban residence, and media exposure partially mitigated these associations. Additional analyses confirmed the robustness of findings across alternative model specifications, conflict measures, and subgroups.

Ethiopia has been working to achieve universal health coverage through optimizing the Health Extension Programme (HEP). The HEP optimization aspires to increase health service access, quality, and equity through different strategies, including establishing HEP units in health centres and primary hospitals. Therefore, understanding the processes of the HEP unit and its implementation experience is crucial for scale-up and sustainability.

This paper aims to document and share the lessons learned from implementing the HEP unit.

This research collected qualitative data from 14 districts/woredas in 2023. Forty-three in-depth interviews (IDIs) and four focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted. Audio-recorded data were transcribed verbatim and translated. A thematic analysis approach was used to analyze the data, and direct quotations were used to present the findings.

In the Improve Primary Health Care Service Delivery (IPHCSD) project implementation sites, all 64 health centres, and primary hospitals established HEP units. Setting up the unit improved healthcare provision by promoting collaboration and teamwork, enhancing their skills, coordination, technical support to the catchment health post and increased access to healthcare services through outreach delivery. However, challenges such as a shortage of human resources, dedicated offices for the unit coordinators and team members, inadequate stakeholders’ engagement in the establishment processes, and insufficient tools and supplies were identified.

The HEP unit has improved community-level health services, enhanced health professionals’ skills and teamwork, and technical support to catchment health posts. Strengthening community engagement, advocacy, mentorship, training, and ensuring sufficient staffing, infrastructure, and supplies are essential for the programme’s scale-up and sustainability.

To develop strategies to lower barriers to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care for migrant women (MW) in Milan, Lombardy, Italy.

SRH is a fundamental human right, yet MW experience poorer SRH outcomes than non-MW due to cultural, linguistic, legal, and financial barriers. Despite Italy’s universal healthcare system (Servizio Sanitario Nazionale, SSN), disparities persist.

Quantitative SRH data from the health information system of a non-governmental organization (NGO) clinic in Milan was used to describe the demographic, socioeconomic, and administrative profile of MW with SRH needs, and to examine factors associated with SRH-related consultations. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 29 stakeholders, including MW, healthcare workers, NGO representatives, and policymakers. Thematic analysis was guided by a socio-ecological framework across individual, organizational, societal, and policy levels.

SRH needs were the most frequent presentations among MW accessing the clinic. Most MWs came from Romania, Morocco, and Peru. Nearly half of those eligible for SSN registration were not enrolled, primarily due to lack of awareness. Economic vulnerability was strongly linked to SRH needs, while language proficiency alone showed no significant effect. Interviews underscored the importance of culturally sensitive care and mental health support. They also emphasized the inconsistent enforcement of regulations across government facilities and legislative gaps that leave certain groups, particularly undocumented EU nationals, without essential services. Community networks and stronger coordination across providers - including formal collaboration between NGOs and the SSN - were identified as promising levers to improve SRH access and equity in Milan and similar settings.

The rapidly growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in sub-Saharan Africa necessitates a better understanding of access gaps along the care continuum. This study assessed the prevalence and inequality in unmet need for hypertension and diabetes care in Tanzania, South Africa, and Lesotho using a care cascade framework.

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative Demographic Health Survey (DHS) datasets from Tanzania (2022), South Africa (2016), and Lesotho (2023/24), focusing on adults aged 15 years and older. The study estimated the proportion of adults with hypertension or diabetes who had not been screened, diagnosed, treated, or achieved disease control. Inequality was assessed using Erreygers Normalized Concentration Indices (ENCI), stratified by sex and residence.

Hypertension prevalence was 12.6% (95% CI: 11.7–13.4) in Tanzania, 46.7% (95% CI: 45.0–48.4) in South Africa, and 15.4% (95% CI: 13.8–17.2) in Lesotho. In Lesotho, 9.1% (95% CI: 7.8–10.6) of adults had diabetes. Unmet need was substantial across all countries: 96.5% for hypertension in Tanzania, 84.2% in South Africa, 65.8% in Lesotho, and 84.2% for diabetes in Lesotho. The care cascade framework revealed critical bottle-necks at screening and treatment stages. Inequality analyses revealed strong pro-poor gradients, particularly in screening (ENCIs: Tanzania −0.19, South Africa −0.17, Lesotho hypertension −0.15, Lesotho diabetes −0.24; all p < 0.01), with poor men experiencing the most disparities.

Substantial and inequitable gaps exist in hypertension and diabetes care. Policy strategies should prioritize community-based screening, primary care integration, and equity-focused interventions targeting poor men to improve NCD outcomes in the region.

To explore facilitators and barriers to smoking cessation among smokers experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage, from the perspectives of patients and healthcare providers (HP) participating in the STOP randomized controlled trial (STOP-RCT).

Smoking remains disproportionately prevalent among socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals, contributing to significant health disparities. The STOP-RCT evaluates a preference-based smoking cessation intervention offering free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and e-cigarettes to disadvantaged smokers.

A qualitative study was conducted involving semi-structured interviews with 14 participants and 5 HP from the STOP-RCT. Data collection explored participants’ smoking cessation experiences, perceptions of the intervention, the quitting process, and the factors that influence cessation. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the transcribed data. Themes were categorized into structural and individual factors, refined iteratively, and supported by illustrative quotes.

Four key facilitators were identified: (1) longer consultations enabling tailored support; (2) regular follow-up promoting patient engagement; (3) immediate and free access to NRT and carbon monoxide (CO) monitoring, reducing financial and practical barriers while providing feedback; and (4) shared decision-making, strengthening trust and improving the fit of support. These findings highlight the importance of addressing both treatment approach (contextual) and interpersonal factors for this population. Considering these elements may help adapt cessation programmes to the specific difficulties and needs of patients with low socioeconomic position, thereby reinforcing treatment adherence and improving effectiveness.

‘It was aimed to establish the validity and reliability of the “Mothers’ Breastfeeding Empowerment Scale”’.

Content validity was evaluated with the content validity index (CVI) agreed upon by experts. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used for construct validity. Before factor analysis, the sample size was decided using KMO and Bartlett’s Sphericity test. For the reliability study of the scale, Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient and total score correlation coefficients of parallel forms were examined.

While 49.9% of the infants were between 4–6 months old, the average age of the infants was determined as 3.64 ± 1.77. 70.6% of the mothers were between the ages of 26–43 and the average age of the mothers was 28.83 ± 5.38. In the factor analysis it was found that item loadings of the scale was between 0.57 and 0.95. Also, the fit values of the scale were within acceptable limits. Additionally, it was determined that there was a high-level positive relationship between the scale used for the parallel form and our scale.

The use of the scale in Turkish society is valid and reliable. Validity and reliability analyses support this.

This study evaluated the impact of a novel social prescribing service designed specifically for the Armed Forces Community (AFC) and its influence on service users’ wellbeing.

Social prescribing connects individuals with non-clinical, community-based support to address loneliness, long-term conditions, and mental health. Despite advances in social prescriber training, a gap remains in resources for working with the AFC, who present distinct wellbeing needs. A two-year project, funded by the NHS Armed Forces Health and the Armed Forces Covenant Fund Trust, sought to enhance provision by equipping Social Prescriber Link Workers with specialist skills.

A sequential mixed-method design was adopted. Quantitatively, changes in wellbeing for 259 AFC service users were measured using the Short Warwick and Edinburgh Wellbeing Scale before and after consultations with Armed Forces Social Prescriber Link Workers (AFCSPLWs). Qualitatively, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with AFCSPLWs, general social prescribers, General Practitioners, and AFCSPLW line managers to explore experiences of service delivery.

Wellbeing scores significantly increased from initial (mean = 15.3) to final consultations (mean = 18.79), indicating positive effects; however, scores remained lower than national averages, reflecting the complex needs within the AFC population. Thematic analysis identified four themes: Armed Forces Experience and Perspective, Challenges and Barriers, Service Delivery and Effectiveness, and Skill Development and Attributes. Subthemes highlighted AFC-specific challenges, the practical complexity of the AFCSPLW role, and the importance of cultural competence. Advocacy, navigation, and relationship-building emerged as central mechanisms, with AFCSPLWs acting as vital connectors across primary care, third-sector services, and professional networks.

Women’s sexual and reproductive rights are crucial for achieving gender equality and promoting women’s rights. Across East Africa, there are limited studies about husbands’ knowledge of their partner’s reproductive rights and their associated factors. Hence, this study aimed to assess husbands’ knowledge of partners’ reproductive health rights and associated factors in Central Ethiopia.

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 15 to April 30, 2023, using multi-stage stratified sampling. A structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was utilized to gather the data, and then SPSS version 26 was employed for analysis. Statistical significance was declared at a p-value < 0.05.

The overall good knowledge of partners’ reproductive health rights was found to be 47.8% (95% CI: 43.8, 51.8). Age of the husbands 25–35 years (AOR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.10, 6.6), below primary educational status (AOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.3,4.3), primary educational status (AOR: 5.98; 95% CI: 3.10, 11.4), secondary educational status (AOR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.01, 4.3), above secondary education status (AOR: 8.0; 95% CI: 4.3, 15.2), discussion with a partner (AOR: 3.2; 95% CI: 2.0, 5.2), and vehicle as a means of transport (AOR: 3.3; 95% CI: 2.2, 4.9) were statistically significant for good husbands’ knowledge of partners reproductive health rights.

These findings indicate that more than half (52.2%) of the study participants had a poor understanding of their partners’ reproductive rights. Therefore, counselling and education should be offered to husbands to ensure equitable access to health services and to disseminate information on reproductive rights, particularly targeting young men.

This study aimed to examine the experiences of self-identification, diagnosis, and support for adults with tic disorders (including Tourette Syndrome) in the United Kingdom (UK).

Traditionally viewed as a neurological disorder of childhood-onset, tic disorders have been observed to remit or persist, often in a milder form, into adulthood. However, the reappearance of problematic symptoms after periods of asymptomatic latency might be more common than previously recognized. The medical exposure and standardization of clinical practice for primary adult-onset or non-typical adult-presenting cases of tic disorders is currently limited and poses barriers to diagnosis.

An online survey of 42 adults with self-identified tic symptomology explored their tic recognition and journey of attaining a confirmed diagnosis and/or self-identifying after the age of 18 in the UK.

No significant differences were found between adult and childhood-onset cases. Elevated scores on the Acceptance and Action Tic Specific Questionnaire (AAQ-T) correlated with higher overall frequency, intensity, and severity of motor tics from the Adult Tic Questionnaire (ATQ). The AAQ-T was also shown to negatively correlate with increasing age. Nearly all adults expressed dissatisfaction with the diagnostic process, especially regarding information provided and lack of post-diagnostic support. Those who self-identified quoted fear of dismissal, long waiting lists and lack of understanding from clinicians as reasons for not seeking a formal diagnosis. Overall, the results emphasize the importance for a standardized improved comprehension of tic conditions in healthcare including how to best support adults seeking recognition later in life.

This study evaluates the psychological factors influencing vaccination attitudes and behaviors among individuals visiting family health centers. Using the 5C model, the study identifies key determinants affecting vaccination intention and hesitancy, providing insights into strategies to enhance vaccine acceptance.

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1712 adults aged 18 and over in Ankara, Turkey. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, covering socio-demographic characteristics, vaccination attitudes, and internet usage. The Turkish version of the ‘Psychological Antecedents of Vaccination (5C) Scale’ was used to assess participants’ responses. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine factors influencing vaccination intention.

Individuals whose income exceeds their expenses (OR: 1.532, 95% CI: 1.107–2.119), those who received the COVID-19 vaccine (OR: 2.362, 95% CI: 1.429–3.906), and those who are not active social media users (OR: 1.417, 95% CI: 1.096–1.833) were more likely to get vaccinated without hesitation. Higher confidence (OR: 1.268, 95% CI: 1.231–1.306) and collective responsibility (OR: 1.083, 95% CI: 1.046–1.122) scores were associated with increased willingness to vaccinate, while higher calculation scores (OR: 0.932, 95% CI: 0.899–0.965) were linked to hesitancy.

The findings suggest that fostering confidence and collective responsibility is crucial for improving vaccine acceptance. Communication strategies should be tailored to reduce hesitancy among active social media users. Future research should explore the underlying risk factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy in different populations.

Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is a global health issue, with people of Indian origin facing earlier onset and more severe cases, leading to higher mortality at younger ages compared to Western countries. Indian migrants maintain similar risks post-migration. Managing modifiable risk factors and improving risk knowledge and health-seeking behaviours are essential, but research on IHD risk perceptions among Indian migrants is limited.

This study explores how first-generation Indian migrants perceive their IHD risk and the factors influencing these perceptions.

As a component of a mixed- method study, a qualitative descriptive study design was employed to examine study participants perception of their IHD risk and the influencing factors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Indian migrants residing in metropolitan Melbourne, Victoria using multiple Indian languages and English. Data were analysed in the original language, with findings reported in English. NVivo software was used for data management and analysis. A qualitative content analysis was conducted using a hybrid coding approach where the main categories were developed deductively and subcategories were developed inductively from the data.

Twenty interviews were conducted with participants aged 32 to 70, 55% of whom were female, with an average stay in Australia of 11.2 years. The main themes included: perceptions shaped by personal experiences, especially family history, with most underestimating their risk; migration, cultural norms, and time constraints hindering behaviour change; family support, religious beliefs, and longevity aspirations motivating healthier behaviours; and limited primary healthcare engagement and culturally appropriate health resources. These results are discussed within the context of Capability, Opportunity and Motivation model of behaviour change (COM-B).

The study highlights key factors influencing IHD risk perceptions among Indian migrants. By understanding these specific risk perceptions and cultural nuances, healthcare professionals can develop and implement more effective, culturally sensitive health promotion and disease prevention strategies. This tailored approach can lead to better patient outcomes and a more equitable healthcare system.