This journal supports best practices in research openness and transparency. The policies below outline our expectations for authors to help ensure that the research findings we publish are as transparent as possible.

Data availability

All manuscripts submitted to this journal must contain a Data Availability Statement, explaining where and how readers can access the materials underpinning the research published in the manuscript. Data Availability Statements should be placed in the back matter of your manuscript, before the References.

Whenever possible, we also require all materials underpinning your research to be made available to readers through an appropriate repository. This policy applies to both quantitative data and qualitative materials. It is not acceptable for your Data Availability Statement to say that materials are “available on request” from the authors. If you cannot make your data publicly available due to ethical or legal concerns, you must explain this in your Data Availability Statement, which will be subject to editorial review. Your Data Availability Statement should also explain any access conditions for restricted data.

Appropriate repositories are ones that provide persistent identifiers and have robust preservation policies, ensuring the long-term integrity of published research.

Code and model availability

We strongly encourage authors to share any analytical code or models used for the research reported in their manuscript. We recommend using an appropriate repository to make code and models available. Information about where you have made your code or models available should be included in your Data Availability Statement.