Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) may represent the earliest observable stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet identifying individuals at risk of progressing remains challenging. Cognitive dispersion, or intra-individual variability (IIV-D), may serve as a sensitive early marker. This study examined IIV-D across diagnostic groups, focusing on SCD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) progressors (SCD-p, aMCI-p; progressing to a more advanced disease stage) versus non-progressors (SCD-np, aMCI-np; not progressing to a more advanced stage). We expected greater IIV-D across groups (AD > aMCI > SCD > controls) and in progressors.

A total of 308 participants aged 65–94 (67 healthy controls [HC], 126 SCD, 79 aMCI, 36 AD) from the Consortium for the Early Identification of Alzheimer’s Disease – Quebec (CIMA-Q) were included. SCD and aMCI participants were followed for up to eight years (34 SCD-p, 92 SCD-np; 29 aMCI-p, 50 aMCI-np). Analyses of covariance assessed baseline across- and verbal memory within-domain IIV-D, maximum discrepancy (MD), and domain-specific deviation.

IIV-D increased with disease severity (HC = SCD < aMCI < AD). Among SCD participants, progressors showed greater episodic memory deviation than non-progressors, primarily driven by poorer Logical Memory delayed recall. In aMCI, progressors showed higher IIV-D across all indices (across- and within-domain, IIV-D and MD), with domain-specific differences limited to episodic memory.

These findings indicate that IIV-D measures distinguish aMCI progressors from non-progressors, although they do not appear to enhance predictive accuracy for progression to AD and may not yet be a reliable marker at the SCD stage.

The cognitive-behavioral model of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) implicates impaired cognition; yet existing evidence of cognitive impairment in the disorder is often inconsistent. To date, cognitive performance in BDD has not been measured utilizing the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV), a gold standard cognitive assessment in clinical settings. Accordingly, this study compared WAIS-IV performance between individuals with BDD and healthy controls.

Participants included 59 BDD patients and 56 controls. Cognitive performance was evaluated via the WAIS-IV, and clinical characteristics of the BDD group were examined via multiple clinician and self-report questionnaires.

The BDD group demonstrated significantly poorer performance compared to the control group in the WAIS-IV index and subtests that reflect processing speed abilities (Processing Speed Index: d = −0.55, 95% CI [−0.92, −0.18], Symbol Search: d = −0.70, 95% CI [−1.07, −0.32], Coding: d = −0.79, 95% CI [−1.17, −0.41]), yet other indices were not significantly different. These impairments were not correlated with anxiety or BDD-YBOCS symptom severity. Reduced overall cognitive performance was primarily driven by impairments in processing speed.

The study suggests that in BDD, processing speed is notably lower than other index scores, falling in the low average range. This may reflect difficulties with rapid visual processing, attention to detail, or motor speed. Performance in domains reflective of reasoning and verbal functioning were unimpaired relative to controls. This selective cognitive pattern in BDD may be driven by increased cognitive load associated with perfectionistic traits. This has clinical implications for cognitive-behavioral treatment.

Psychologists are increasingly asked to assess intellectual functions in adults from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. This study investigated the impact of acculturation and bilingualism on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)-IV performance among Arabic-Danish bilingual university students.

Forty-eight academically high-achieving participants (69% female), fluent in Danish and educated entirely in Denmark, were recruited in Greater Copenhagen and completed a demographic questionnaire, the Danish version of the WAIS-IV, and self-report measures of acculturation and bilingualism.

Several WAIS-IV indexes and subtests were significantly associated with degree of bilingualism and acculturation, even after controlling for educational variables. Despite being academically high-achieving university students, participants scored below the national mean on most indexes and subtests. In fact, only performances on the Processing Speed Index, and the Coding and Symbol Search subtests were at the expected level. Notably, the lowest scores were observed on Block Design, which showed a strong correlation with Arabic acculturation scores. Finally, participants had index profiles that were more uneven than predicted based on the norms.

These findings underscore the influence of cultural and linguistic factors on WAIS-IV performance and suggest that WAIS-IV may not fully capture the intellectual abilities of bilingual individuals, even when they are fluent in the test language and have the same educational experience as the norm population.

Despite its clinical relevance, emotion recognition is difficult to assess in culturally, linguistically, and educationally diverse populations due to a lack of adapted tools.

In Part I, we adapted the Test d’Identification des Émotions Faciales (TIE-93), an emotion recognition test, from French into Dutch, Moroccan-Arabic, and Turkish. In Part II, the translated versions were piloted.

The procedures and challenges encountered during the translation and adaptation process are reported qualitatively. The translated versions were piloted, with performance on the TIE-93 compared across Dutch (n = 13), Surinamese (n = 15), Moroccan (n = 14), and Turkish (n = 16) healthy control groups. Second, we compared Surinamese, Moroccan, and Turkish healthy controls to matched patients (n = 20) with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, or dementia. Third, we compared Moroccan healthy controls from the Netherlands and France (n = 20).

The challenges encountered during the translation process highlighted the difficulty of translating tests of social cognition, as emotional concepts are intricately linked to culture. As a result, literal translations often failed to maintain meaning equivalence; therefore, adaptations were necessary. Seventy-eight participants were included for piloting, and exploratory analyses were conducted. Healthy controls significantly outperformed patients, and Moroccan healthy controls from the Netherlands, who tested in their native language, significantly performed better than those from France.

Results highlight challenges in cross-cultural test adaptation in social cognition, as achieving conceptual equivalence was complicated by cultural and linguistic nuances in emotion-related terms. Nevertheless, the TIE-93 shows clinical potential; this should be examined in larger samples.

To develop regression-based normative data for a set of widely used neuropsychological tests and to provide a freely accessible normative data calculator for use in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Participants were drawn from a large clinical dataset and selected to reflect preserved global cognition, intact memory performance, and functional independence. Regression-based norms were developed for the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Verbal Fluency, Trail Making Test, and Digit Span tasks. For each model, predictors included age, sex, and years of education, as well as polynomial terms and interaction effects; final models were obtained via stepwise backward elimination procedures. Model assumptions were evaluated, and predictive performance was estimated using 10-fold cross-validation.

393 participants met inclusion criteria. Age was negatively associated with verbal memory, fluency, and executive function, whereas higher educational attainment was associated with better performance. Women outperformed men in verbal memory and phonological fluency. Demographic variables explained between 2% and 23% of variance across tests. An open-access calculator was developed to facilitate individualized normative estimation in clinical settings.

This study provides locally developed, regression-based norms for neuropsychological assessment in Buenos Aires – Argentina, addressing the lack of culturally relevant norms and limitations of traditional methods.

Concussion, a common injury in contact sports, often leads to oculomotor symptoms. The King-Devick (K-D) is a rapid number naming test that evaluates saccadic eye movements, visual tracking, and processing speed. We studied the effects of age and dyslexia status on K-D outcome. The aim was to determine the threshold for a clinically meaningful change in K-D test outcome in adolescent athletes.

A total of 1506 Finnish athletes (mean age = 16.3, SD = 1.6) were assessed with K-D before the season. Twenty-eight percent (n = 416) participated in two consecutive baseline assessments one year apart, enabling reliable change analysis. Furthermore, results from 28 concussed athletes, assessed using the K-D test 3 days post injury, were compared to their own baseline data.

We found that older athletes were faster in the K-D test, and dyslexic athletes (n = 95) were significantly slower than healthy controls. When evaluated 3 days post-concussion, 54% of the studied athletes were slower in the K-D test as compared to individual baseline. The clinically significant increase in the K-D test time, performed in Finnish, was 4.4 sec. The odds ratio for significantly decreased performance post-concussion was 3.3-fold, as compared to healthy controls.

Age, dyslexia, and spoken language affect K-D test performance, so they should be addressed when clinically using the K-D test. Taking this into account and by using specific thresholds, the K-D test could be a cost-effective method in assessing the athletes’ functional vision both at baseline and after concussion.