Timothy is the primary forage grass seed crop in Norway, and thus effective control of dicot weeds and lodging management are critical steps in maximizing timothy seed yield and meeting seed purity standards. Optimal timing of gibberellic acid–inhibiting plant growth regulators (PGRs), such as chlormequat chloride (CCC) and trinexapac-ethyl (TE), often coincides with spring herbicide applications, raising concerns about crop safety and herbicide efficacy when products are tank-mixed. Field experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 at two locations in Norway to evaluate the effect of mixing PGRs with commonly used herbicides on timothy lodging, seed yield, and seed quality. Plant growth regulators (1,500 g ai ha⁻1 CCC and 150 g ai ha⁻1 TE) were applied either separately (herbicides at BBCH stage 25; PGRs at BBCH stage 35) or tank-mixed (at BBCH stages 30 to 35) with one of three herbicide combinations: fluroxypyr + florasulam, florasulam + diflufenican, or aminopyralid + 2,4-D + florasulam. Seed yield was affected by PGR treatments (P ≤ 0.05) but not by herbicide treatments. Plant height and lodging were reduced more with TE than with CCC; however, relative yield responses varied with timothy stand age. Tank mixing both products did not reduce seed yield or herbicide efficacy. Crop injury from tank mixtures was minimal and temporary, and no reductions in final seed germination were observed. Tank-mixing CCC and TE PGRs with herbicides maintained optimal seed yield and quality, offering operational flexibility for timothy seed producers.

Paul and Timothy are almost inseparable. The letters to Philemon and the Philippians are addressed from both Paul and Timothy and appear to be sent from prison. This makes most sense if both are in prison, especially given the risk inherent in naming an accomplice who remains free. And when Paul is in prison, Timothy is not sent anywhere. Could it be that Timothy was in prison alongside Paul? The personal tone and content of both letters nonetheless reflect concern only for Paul, what he has done and what will happen to him. No one cares about Timothy, so Timothy is probably not in prison.

This narrative-critical study of Acts proposes that Luke has deliberately arranged events so that the discussion about circumcising baptised Gentiles is postponed for as long as possible. When the issue does surface, it is raised by a delegation of second-wave Christians from the sect of the Pharisees. These factors combined give the impression that circumcision of Gentiles, a matter long settled by Luke's own day, had never been original, favourable or sanctioned by God or the apostles. By portraying the movement to circumcise Gentiles as belated, extrinsic and pernicious, Luke's representation of difference in the church resembles that of later heresiologists.

Interpreters of Paul's letter to the Philippians continue to struggle to understand the place of Paul's promise to send Timothy (Phil 2.19–24) in the overall rhetoric of the letter. However, if one reads Philippians as a letter of consolation the problems associated with this text can be solved. In particular, it becomes evident that the imprisoned and possibly soon-to-be-executed Paul offers Timothy to his anxious readers as his replacement, as another Paul or alius Paulus, according to the topos ‘consolation by means of a replacement’ for which there are many pertinent ancient parallels. This reading also explains why Paul describes Timothy as his ‘child’ (τεκνον) in the gospel ministry – children were often seen as replacements for dead parents – and why he insists that Timothy is ‘of like soul/mind’ (ισοψυχον) to himself.