This review evaluates evidence-based criteria for selecting ideal candidates for biologic therapies in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

A narrative literature search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science (2016-2026) was performed, synthesising data from clinical trials, observational studies and European Position paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps/European Forum for Research and Education in Allergy and Airway Diseasesguidelines.

Three United States Food and Drug Administration-approved biologics (dupilumab, mepolizumab and omalizumab) effectively target severe type 2 inflammation. Ideal candidates have prior sinus surgery and greater than or equal to three criteria: elevated T2 biomarkers, systemic corticosteroid dependence, severe anosmia, impaired quality of life or comorbid asthma. Drug selection must be endotype-driven: dupilumab for broad efficacy/non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug exacerbated respiratory disease, mepolizumab for high eosinophilia/eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis and omalizumab for severe allergic asthma. Therapeutic efficacy requires mandatory reassessment at six- and 12-month intervals using objective clinical thresholds.

Biologics act as a targeted, complementary strategy for refractory disease. Selecting patients demands a precision medicine approach based on accurate phenotyping within a collaborative multidisciplinary framework.

Small cell carcinoma has the worst prognosis of all laryngeal neoplasms. In order to further characterise this tumour, with a view to development of new therapeutic approaches, we report the results of KIT gene and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α gene expression analysis, for two extremely rare cases of primary small cell carcinoma of the larynx.

Case reports, including immunohistochemical study, and review of the literature.

We present two patients with laryngeal small cell carcinoma, who died from tumour metastasis to the lungs and brain despite aggressive treatment. Immunohistochemical studies revealed positive reactions for KIT gene expression and platelet-derived growth factor α gene expression in patient one, and for KIT gene expression in patient two. Molecular genetic analysis, using polymerase chain reaction direct sequencing, identified no mutations of the KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor α genes.

Although further investigation is necessary regarding KIT gene expression and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α gene expression in laryngeal small cell carcinoma, the reported results suggest that these genes may be significant in the development of molecular targeted therapy.