Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disorder in children that can involve the head and neck, may mimic common ENT conditions and delay diagnosis. While various case reports exist, ENT-focused reviews remain limited.

We conducted a literature review of 73 studies encompassing 244 paediatric patients with head and neck Langerhans cell histiocytosis, extracting data on presentation, treatment and outcomes. We also present a retrospective case series of 25 patients treated at a single tertiary institution.

Otologic and craniofacial bone involvement were the most common presentations. Treatments ranged from surgical curettage and intra-lesional steroids to systemic chemotherapy. Recurrence was more common in multifocal and multisystem disease. Our institutional series supported many of these findings, with detailed follow-up data and treatment responses.

This is the most extensive ENT-focused review of paediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis to date. It highlights key clinical patterns and management approaches to aid early recognition and tailored treatment.

Clinical exposure is vital in medical education, but in paediatric otolaryngology traditional bedside teaching can cause children distress and fatigue. Augmented reality technology offers a solution to enhance learning while reducing these challenges. This study evaluated the feasibility of using Microsoft HoloLens 2 augmented reality technology in clinical paediatric ENT to reduce children distress during bedside teaching.

An 18-month pilot study at Alder Hey Children’s Hospital involved 109 4th-year medical students from the University of Liverpool. Students participated in virtual ward round sessions, where one student performed a clinical review using HoloLens 2, while others observed and interacted remotely. Feedback from students, patients and parents was collected verbally and via questionnaires.

Overall, 69 per cent of students rated the augmented reality session as equivalent or better than traditional bedside teaching. Most students (87 per cent) had no prior experience with augmented reality, yet found it engaging and beneficial. Parent reported reduced stress for their children.

Augmented reality using HoloLens 2 is a promising tool for teaching clinical paediatric ENT, providing an immersive, child-friendly learning experience. While effective, high costs and technical challenges may restrict wider implementation. Future studies should explore further integration of augmented reality in medical education.